海水网箱养殖水域异养细菌和弧菌的数量动态

1996年4月至1997年5月对浙江奉化、象山海水网箱养殖水域采用MPN法进行异养细菌和弧菌数量的检测。结果表明,细菌数量的变化受外界环境的影响较为明显,7～9月份细菌数量明显高于其它月份,网箱内菌数高于网箱外菌数。从异养细菌和弧菌数量的周年变化看,细菌数量变化与网箱养殖鱼类疾病的发生有密切关系。菌数的高峰期也是鱼病的频繁发生期。利用检测养殖水域异养细菌和弧菌的数量可预测鱼病的发生。     

草鱼不同混养模式下围隔底泥反硝化、硝化和氨化速率

应用乙炔抑制法测定了草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)不同混养模式围隔底泥的硝化、反硝化和氨化速率,以探究草鱼不同混养模式对池塘底泥－水界面N元素动态变化的影响,并为草鱼养殖模式的优化提供必要的参考依据.混养组合分别为一元组（草鱼）、二元组（草鱼+鲢、草鱼+凡纳滨对虾）、三元组（草鱼+鲢+凡纳滨对虾,设2种放养比例）.结果显示:1）草鱼不同混养模式中底泥的反硝化速率范围为0～734.15 μmol/(m2·d),硝化速范围为0～1 209.20 mmol/(m2·d),化速率范围为0～41.25 mmol/(m2·d).2)草鱼不同混养模式底泥的反硝化速率较高,与很多河口和湖泊数值接近;在养殖中期,底泥的硝化速率很小甚至检测不到;底泥的氨化速率呈逐月递增趋势,以三元混养组最高.3）混养组中凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)的放养密度越大,草鱼的放养密度越小,反硝化作用出现得越早,但反硝化速率很难保持开始的水平;反之,反硝化作用出现得较晚,并会随着养殖周期的推移迅速升高;放养种类越单一,底泥的硝化速率越低,且鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)放养密度越高,硝化速率越高.从养殖模式优化的角度来看,草鱼三元混养组要优于单养和二元混养组,但三元混养组中两种放养密度各有优劣,有待进一步优化以确定最佳放养比例.     

不同浓度NH_3对富营养化湖泊水体硝化作用的影响

通过室内培养试验,研究了不同浓度非离子态氨（NH3）条件下富营养化湖泊——太湖梅粱湾水体硝化作用的2个过程,即氨氧化和亚硝酸盐氧化的发生情况。结果表明,在试验设计的NH3浓度范围内,颗粒态氨氧化和自由态氨氧化速率都随着NH3浓度的升高而显著增加,同时在高浓度NH3（0.65和0.85mg/L）下,颗粒态氨氧化速率在总氨氧化速率中所占比例也显著增加。而亚硝酸盐氧化过程的发生却具有明显的阶段性,当NH3浓度从0.05增加到0.15mg/L时,自由态亚硝酸盐氧化速率有一定的降低,但是颗粒态亚硝酸盐氧化速率却显著增加,导致总亚硝酸盐氧化速率也显著上升;当NH3浓度从0.15增加到0.85mg/L,自由态亚硝酸盐氧化速率随着NH3浓度的升高而进一步降低,同时颗粒态亚硝酸盐氧化速率也随着NH3浓度的增加开始显著降低,导致总亚硝酸盐氧化速率急剧降低。     

不同水分条件下土壤N2O排放的动力学方程模拟

[目的]水分对土壤N₂O排放有重要影响。运用混合动力学方程模拟不同水分条件下土壤N₂O累积排放的过程,分析土壤水分对N₂O产生途径的影响及其变化规律,为通过改善土壤管理降低N₂O气体排放提供理论和实践指导。[方法]通过室内培养试验,研究了不同水分条件[40%WHC,60%WHC,80%WHC,100%WHC和淹水处理,WHC(田间持水量)]下土壤N₂O排放特征、硝铵态氮含量和氧气消耗动态变化。[结果](1)N₂O排放速率24 h时达到最大,淹水处理[3.46μg/(kg·h)]是其他处理的54.5～178.9倍。(2)土壤N₂O累积排放量均随着培养时间的延长而增加,淹水处理的快速上升阶段为前48 h,而其他处理为前96 h。培养结束时的土壤N₂O累积排放量,淹水处理(44.6μg/kg)分别是40%WHC,60%WHC,80%WHC和100%WHC的67.1,29.2,20.8,10.4倍。(3)除淹水条件下,伪...     

硝、铵态氮肥对旱地土壤氧化亚氮排放的影响

用静态箱法在田间研究了黄土性土壤不同水分条件下施用硝态氮肥和铵态氮肥后土壤N2O的排放特点,并对包括温度、pH、水分等因子的影响进行了探讨.结果表明:在水分含量为田间持水量的90%和70%的条件下,铵态氮肥处理土壤的平均N2O排放量分别为233.6±165.4 μg/(m2·h)和166.4±153.3 μg/(m2·h);而施用硝态氮肥时则仅为75±40.2 μg/(m2·h)和49.27±17.0 μg/(m2·h).施肥后短期内,铵态氮肥排放的N2O量显著高于硝态氮肥处理,由此可说明黄土性土壤表层土壤N2O的主要来源是土壤氮的硝化过程.在自然矿化条件下黄土性土壤N2O的排放量约为17.0 μg/(m2·h).如果把两个水分处理相比较,土壤水分对铵态氮肥处理土壤N2O的排放影响不明显,而对施用硝态氮肥的土壤有明显影响,高水分处理更利于土壤反硝化作用的进行从而增加了土壤N2O的排放量.施用不同肥料种类在施肥后短期内影响土壤的pH值和有效NO-3-N、NH 4-N含量,而反过来土壤水分含量、土壤pH以及土壤温度均不同程度地影响着土壤N2O的产生和排放.     

Kinetics of Nitrification in Selected Iowa Soils Treated with Stay‐N 2000

Abstract

The effectiveness of Stay‐N 2000 or reformulated nitrapyrin [2‐chloro‐6‐(tricholoromethyl) pyridine] was investigated in two Iowa soils representative of Clarion and Okoboji soils that differed in organic carbon, pH, and texture. A nonlinear regression was used to estimate kinetic parameters. The maximum nitrification rate (K _max) and the duration of lag period (t′) were derived from the equation to characterize the nitrification process in both soils. Stay‐N 2000 appeared to be a better inhibitor than nitrapyrin to extend t′ and as effective as nitrapyrin in reducing K _max. Stay‐N 2000 reduced K _max an appreciable amount in the Okoboji soil at the rate of 12 µg a.i. g^?1 soil or three times the recommended rate. Nitrification rates were affected by the rates of nitrogen (N) applied to both soils; the higher the N rates, the higher K_max, and the more the nitrate (NO₃ ^?)‐N accumulation.     

Critical drainage and nitrate leaching losses from manures applied to freely draining soils in Great Britain

Abstract. Pig slurry was applied by open-slot injection to experimental plots on a sandy loam site at ADAS Gleadthorpe, Nottinghamshire. Volume and distribution of over-winter drainage were adjusted through the use of rainfall exclusion covers or irrigation. The resultant slurry N leaching over the range of drainage values tested (up to 300 mm) could be satisfactorily described by curve-fitting, using a quadratic or exponential function. Initial simulations of slurry N leaching using the manure nitrogen decision support system manner (v. 3.0) compared poorly with the experimental data, predicting both earlier and greater amounts of nitrate leaching. However, the lack of fit could be explained by consideration of the likely ammonia emissions following slurry injection, the actual volumetric soil moisture capacity at the experimental site and the likely time delay for the nitrification of slurry N following application. Good agreement between modelled and observed data was achieved when these factors were taken into account. The manner model was used to simulate nitrate leaching beyond the range of drainage treatments tested in the experiments and the anticipated sigmoidal relationship between nitrate leaching and drainage was observed. The model was then used to study the effects of manure application timing and the likely impact on nitrate leaching, across the range of rainfall conditions found in Great Britain. Simulations for a range of manure types were undertaken, with manures applied at rates up to the limit of permitted N loading on freely draining sandy loams. Rainfall inputs for these simulations were based on long-term average climatic data. Results are presented for two contrasting manure types, cattle slurry and poultry manure, both of which are subject to controls in Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZs) in Great Britain.     

菜园土肥力特征及蔬菜硝酸盐污染的控制技术Ⅵ.硝化抑制剂对土壤和小白菜硝酸盐含量的调控效应

通过田间试验，于2002和2003年在湖南长沙地区的红菜园土和冲积菜园土两种土壤条件下研究了氢醌、双氰胺和硫脲3种硝化抑制剂对土壤和小白菜硝酸盐含量及小白菜产量、养分吸收和其他品质的影响，结果表明，3种硝化抑制剂在试验的各个时期均不同程度地降低了土壤和小白菜硝酸盐含量，其中以双氰胺的效果最好，3种硝化抑制剂均可不同程度地提高小白菜的产量，也以双氰胺的效果最好，且在红菜园土上的增产效果要比冲积菜园土上显著，另外，3种硝化抑制剂还能显著提高小白菜的维生素C和可溶性糖含量，增强对N，P养分的吸收。     

青岛陆源排污口邻近海域异养细菌的组成与分布

对青岛近海度假区、港口区、养殖区、工业区4类排污口邻近海域异养细菌的组成与分布进行了调查研究,采用海洋异养细菌平板涂布培养法分离细菌,基于16S rDNA的扩增性DNA限制性酶切片段分析(ARDRA)进行聚类筛选并测序鉴定。结果显示,青岛排污口邻近海域可异养培养的菌株分布于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)4个细菌类群,变形菌门细菌数量占总测序数量的68%,其中γ-变形菌纲的数量在变形菌门中占88%;不同海域中细菌组成与分布有所不同,放线菌门和拟杆菌门的细菌种类较少且各海域分布有所不同,但γ-变形菌纲的弧菌属细菌(Vibrio sp.)在4类海域中均被发现,占总检测量的18.54%,其中溶藻胶弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)占弧菌总量的25%。不同海域也检测到V.parahaemolyticus、V.harveyi、V.campbellii、V.parahaemolyticus等水产养殖业的潜在致病菌。根据16S rDNA系统进化关系和细菌门类聚类分析得到的结论推断,工业区与养殖区海域的细菌组成和分布相似度较高,推断各海域的细菌组成与排污口类型有一定相关性。     

三峡库区澎溪河消落带落干期土壤硝化强度及影响因素

研究了三峡库区澎溪河落干期消落带不同地点、不同高程段、不同土地利用方式下土壤硝化强度及影响因素。结果表明,研究区域消落带硝化强度范围为0.76~9.76 mg/kg·d,平均值为3.76±0.76 mg/kg·d,明显低于国内其他研究区域土壤硝化强度。澎溪河消落带从上游汉丰湖到下游黄石,土壤硝化强度呈现递减的趋势。随着高程的增加,消落带土壤硝化强度逐渐降低,但没有显著差异（P >0.05）。消落带不同土地利用方式中,河滩地土壤硝化强度显著高于耕地土壤硝化强度（P<0.05）,是耕地土壤硝化强度的1.82倍。消落带土壤硝化强度与土壤pH值呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,与有机质含量及亚硝化菌数量呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,周期性的淹水影响了消落带土壤pH值和有机质含量,从而影响了消落带土壤硝化强度。