饲料中不同脂肪酸对草鱼组织脂质含量和脂肪酸构成的影响

实验选用初始作重约1．4g的草鱼，在60天的饲养期中分别投喂1种不含脂肪的饲料和8种含3％不同脂质的饲料，观察了饲料中添加油酸（18：1n-9）、亚油酸（18：2n－6）、亚麻酸（18：3n－3）和n－3系列高度不饱和脂肪酸（n－3HUFA；20：5n－3＋22：6n－3）对草鱼肝胰脏、肌肉、头部和去肝胰脏内脏脂质含量和脂肪酸构成的影响。实验结果表明，与摄食单纯含油酸饲料的草鱼相比，含1％18：2n－6和1％18：3n－3或1％18：2n－6和0．5％n－3HUFA饲料组草鱼的肝胰脏脂质含量显著降低，但内脏脂质含量升高。向饲料中添加18：2n－6、18：3n－3和n－3HUFA能明显影响草鱼肝胰脏、肌肉和头部脂质多不饱和脂肪酸的相对含量；组织中n－6系列和n－3系列高度不饱和脂肪酸含量分别与饲料中添加18：2n－6和18：3n－3有相关关系，表明草鱼具有生物转化18：2n－6和18：3n－3为高度不饱和脂肪酸的能力。     

Amino acid substitutions in gyrA and parC associated with quinolone resistance in nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella isolates

This study was undertaken to identify and characterize amino acid substitutions in gyrA and parC related with quinolone resistance of 27 nalidixic acid-resistant (Na^R) Salmonella isolates collected in poultry slaughterhouses in Korea. A total of 51 Salmonella isolates were detected from 44.8% (47/105) of the total samples from 15 poultry slaughterhouses examined, among which 27 (52.9%) Na^R isolates were detected while ciprofloxacin (Cip) resistance was not present in the isolates. These 27 Na^R isolates of DNA sequencing revealed that it contained three types of gyrA mutations in only D87 codon. Mutations in the D87 codon resulted in substitutions to G in most of the isolates, but D87Y and D87N exchanges were also detected. Although Cip resistance was absent, reduced susceptibility characterized by mutations in gyrA was apparent among Salmonella isolates from poultry slaughterhouses in Korea.     

鸡实验性尿酸盐沉积症的肾脏病理学研究

将１２０只３５日龄迪卡商品代蛋用雏鸡随机分为高钙组、高蛋白组和对照组,分别饲喂高钙（含钙３．９％）、高蛋白（含粗蛋白４４．０％）和全价（含钙０．８％,粗蛋白１８．２％）饲料。试验第２５天,各组剖检５只鸡,作肾脏的光镜和电镜观察。结果表明,高钙、高蛋白饲料均能引发尿酸盐沉积。高钙组鸡肾脏肿大,表面及切面有大量尿酸盐结晶;输尿管扩张,管内充满白色尿酸盐沉积物。光镜观察,肾小球肿胀,近曲及远曲小管上皮细胞肿胀、变性。电镜观察,近曲小管上皮绒毛短缩、肿胀、断裂、脱落,线粒体肿胀、嵴断裂;远曲小管线粒体肿胀,呈现空泡,核呈锯齿型。高蛋白组眼观病变不明显,肾脏的光镜、电镜病变与高钙组相似,但损伤程度较轻。作者认为,高钙、高蛋白所致肾脏损害是鸡尿酸盐沉积症的重要原因。     

盐碱胁迫下碱地肤体内的有机酸积累及其草酸代谢特点

本研究对碱地肤幼苗进行盐胁迫或碱胁迫动态处理,通过分析碱地肤的有机酸含量及草酸代谢相关酶活性等指标,以探讨碱地肤的有机酸积累及草酸代谢调控机制的特点。结果表明,随着碱胁迫时间的延长,碱地肤体内草酸等7种有机酸均有所积累,草酸为主的有机酸的大量积累可能与碱胁迫(高pH)密切相关,它们可能起到离子平衡和pH调节的双重作用。碱地肤积累的草酸并非主要来源于抗坏血酸分解途径。此外,磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPcase)参与催化的草酰乙酸裂解途径也不是草酸合成的主要途径。实验确定草酸合成的关键酶是乙醇酸氧化酶(GO)。草酸分解的草酸氧化酶(OxO)活性高低不是内源草酸积累量的关键因子。综上推断,碱地肤体内草酸的大量积累与其OxO分解无关,而是主要取决于其合成的GO关键酶。     

转录组解析白三叶根际溶磷菌株RW8的解磷机制

采用转录组测序的方法分析了白三叶根际溶磷菌RW8在含有难溶磷(A组)、可溶磷(B组)与无磷(C组)培养条件下差异基因表达。以可溶磷为对照,在难溶磷条件下,分别检测到4782个基因在RW8中上调表达,447个基因下调表达;在无磷组中,共检测到3630个基因上调表达,209个基因下调表达。GO基因注释发现RW8在A组和C组中的差异基因聚类基本相同。生物学过程主要聚类在代谢过程、细胞过程、单细胞过程、刺激应答、定位以及生物反应调节;细胞组分主要聚类在细胞组分、细胞膜、膜组分与高分子配合体等;分子功能主要聚类在催化活性、结合功能与转运功能。代谢途径分析发现2-α-氧代羧、α-亚麻酸、五碳二元酸、脂肪酸、甘氨酸-丝氨酸-蛋氨酸以及缬氨酸-亮氨酸-异亮氨酸等代谢途径的基因显著被富集。挑选10个差异基因并用荧光定量检测其在A、B、C 3种不同培养条件下的基因表达,发现所有挑选基因的表达变化与转录组结果变化趋势相同。液相色谱检测有机酸组成及含量,发现在A组和C组中乳酸、琥珀酸与柠檬酸显著高于B组,富马酸与苹果酸的含量在C组中显著升高, A组与B组差异不显著;α-酮戊二酸的含量在A组中显著增高, B组和C组差异不显著。     

单宁酸对红、绿色型豌豆蚜生长发育及繁殖的影响

为明确单宁酸对两种色型豌豆蚜生长发育及繁殖的影响,本研究采用豌豆蚜全纯人工饲料薄膜饲养技术,设置5组不同浓度的单宁酸,在适宜条件下分别饲养绿色型、红色型豌豆蚜,测定了豌豆蚜的存活率、产蚜量、相对日均体重增长率等指标。结果表明:单宁酸对两种生物型豌豆蚜的生长发育及繁殖有明显抑制作用,且对绿豌豆蚜的抑制作用明显大于红豌豆蚜。随着单宁酸浓度升高,两种色型豌豆蚜存活率、相对日均体重增长率均下降,5mg·L-1处理12天时绿色型豌豆蚜存活率、相对日均体重增长率分别为13.3±3.3%和0.20±0.01%,红色型分别为20.0±5.8%和0.19±0.00%,与CK间差异显著(P0.05);5mg·L-1时绿豌豆蚜产蚜量和产蚜率最低,分别为2.0±0.0头/单雌和6.7±3.3%,与CK间差异显著(P0.05)。研究结果可为次生代谢物质抗豌豆蚜的生化机理研究提供理论依据和技术支持。     

真空条件下山梨酸钾和抗坏血酸延长牦牛鲜肉货架期的研究

采用裂区设计探讨了真空包装、山梨酸钾,抗坏血酸以及真空包装条件下使用山梨酸钾（有机防腐剂）和抗坏血酸（抗氧剂）延长新鲜牦牛肉货架期的效果.结果表明：真空包装、山梨酸钾及抗坏血酸对延长牦牛肉的货架期是有效的,但真空包装与使用山梨酸钾及抗坏血酸的交互作用不明显.     

Amanita muscaria toxicosis in two dogs

Objective: To report the manifestations, history, and pathophysiologic basis of disease in 2 dogs with Amanita muscaria toxicosis. Case summaries: Two dogs were evaluated for an acute onset of gastroenteritis and seizures. A. muscaria toxicosis was suspected in each dog after confirmation of environmental exposure and visualization of ingested mushrooms in vomitus. The diagnosis was confirmed following identification of toxic Amanita metabolites in the urine and serum of each dog. Administration of supportive and symptomatic therapies resulted in the complete recovery of each animal. Unique information provided: Ingestion of the mushroom, A. muscaria, by dogs can result in acute gastrointestinal distress that precedes a potentially life‐threatening central neurologic syndrome characterized by seizures, tremors, and somnolence. Central nervous system dysfunction results primarily from the actions of ibotenic acid and its decarboxylation product, muscimol, which are analogues of the neurotransmitters glutamate and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), respectively. Identification of these toxins in the urine and serum of affected dogs using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) provides a definitive diagnosis.     

Influence of percentage of concentrate in combination with rolled canola seeds on performance, rumen fermentation and milk fatty acid composition in dairy goats

The effect of rolled canola seeds (RCS, 0% or 20% of the dry matter (DM) of the concentrate) combined with percentage of concentrate (45% (L) vs. 65% (H) of the diet DM) on rumen fermentation characteristics, production parameters and fatty acid (FA) profile of milk fat was studied in 20 entire goats and 12 goats fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannula. Goats were fed TMR ad libitum for 15 weeks with the final 12 weeks as the test period. Individual milk samples were taken in weeks 5 and 11 to determine the FA profile of milk fat. Feeding the H diets increased NE_L intake, raw milk yield and yield of fat, protein and lactose. Feeding RCS increased fat corrected milk, milk fat content and fat yield. Combination of RCS and high percentage of concentrate increased fat corrected milk and fat yield. Milk protein content was not affected by dietary factors. Feeding the H diets increased the proportion of short-chain FA (C4:0–C8:0), each isomer of trans-C18:1 and c9,t11-C18:2 in milk at the expense of medium-chain FA with 11 to 17 C units. Feeding RCS decreased the proportion of medium-chain FA with 10 to 17 C units in milk and it increased that of C18:0, all isomers of trans-C18:1, c9-C18:1 and c9,t11-C18:2. Goats fed the H diets, and those fed the RCS had lower c9-C18:1/C18:0 and c9,t11-C18:2/t11-C18:1 ratios. Combination of RCS and high percentage of concentrate produced the highest proportion of all isomers of trans-C18:1 and c9,t11-C18:2 in milk, with the highest variability among the four diets for these FA. This was possibly related to between-goats differences in ruminal fermentation and to individual difference in desaturase activity in the mammary gland. It is concluded that feeding a high-concentrate diet combined with rolled canola seeds had a synergistic effect on the milk production and fat yield without alteration in milk protein content in dairy goats. This combination also resulted in changes in FA profile that may differently affect the nutritional value of goat milk for human health.