干旱区土壤剖面无机碳分布及其与盐碱性的关系

土壤无机碳作为干旱区土壤碳库的主要存在形式,其数量分布影响着区域内土壤剖面碳聚积和存储的格局。以往由于缺乏深层土壤剖面数据,无法准确量化土壤剖面碳分布与碳存储特征,使得土壤无机碳的数量存在很大的不确定性。以三工河流域典型的农田和相邻荒地土壤作为研究对象,共6个剖面190个采样点,挖掘取样深度至潜层地下水位,分析了剖面土壤无机碳(SIC)和可溶性盐离子的分布特征,并且通过冗余分析探究无机碳与土壤盐碱性之间的相互关系。结果表明:(1)农田的SIC含量显著大于荒地的SIC含量(p0.05),相比于荒地,农田的SIC含量增加了27.9%,变化范围增大了3.66倍;荒地和农田的SIC含量在剖面上分别表现为S形和M形分布。(2)在整个剖面上,同层次的农田土壤中的可溶性离子含量显著小于荒地中的含量(p0.05),并且在剖面上分布荒地表现为增加—减少趋势,而农田为逐渐减小趋势,表明农业活动显著改变了可溶性离子的数量和分布特征。(3)所有剖面土壤无机碳储量为0—100cm土层100—300cm土层300cm以下土层(p0.05),虽然层次间其数值差异较大,但在相同层次,农田和荒地的土壤无机碳储量所占比例却基本相同,为10%,35%,55%(p0.05)。(4)通过冗余分析得到土壤盐碱性因素对SIC的贡献作用排序,正相关性,pHESPSARCO_3~(2-)HCO_3~-;负相关性,K~+Ca~(2+)Mg~(2+)Cl~-盐分SO_4~(2-)Cl~-Na~+。     

Mineral Nutrient Acquisition by Cotton Cultivars Grown under Salt Stress

Physiological responses were investigated in two cotton cultivars grown at various concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) in order to determine the degree of the tolerance of the cultivars to salt stress and understand the physiological responses with respect to utilization of mineral nutrients. After germination of the seeds of cotton cultivars, they were transferred into standard pots with 210 g sterilized compost and watered with 30 ml Hoagland’s solution containing different concentrations (0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mM) of NaCl at two-day intervals for 3 months. Growth parameters were measured and the mineral nutrient analyses were done using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltman, MA). It was observed that plant growth and mineral nutritional status of both cultivars were altered extensively in those grown with NaCl. Excess NaCl reduces the concentrations of certain mineral nutrients and increases that of others, the patterns depending on the mineral nutrient and the plant part and varieties being compared to the control.     

南林‘895’杂交杨组培苗对NaCl胁迫的生理响应

以南林‘895’杂交杨( Populus delotides × P. euramericana cv. ‘Nanlin895’)组培苗为试验材料,采用CK、25、50、75和100 mmol·L^-1 5种盐处理,研究盐胁迫对于‘895’杨叶片生理特性的影响。结果表明：(1) 25 mmol·L^-1盐处理可以促进‘895’杨的生长,100 mmol·L^-1盐处理抑制了‘895’杨的生长。(2)盐处理增加了过氧化氢(H₂O₂)与丙二醛(MDA)含量,在100 mmol·L^-1时处理20 d时最为显著。(3)随着盐浓度的升高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物(APX)呈先增加后下降的趋势,APX的峰值出现在25 mmol·L^-1盐处理时,SOD、POD及CAT的峰值出现在50 mmol·L^-1盐处理时。在100 mmol·L^-1盐处理时,SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性显著低于对照。(4)随着盐浓度的升高,谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性、还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)含量呈增加的趋势,100 mmol·L^-1盐处理时,GR活性、AsA含量显著高于对照。谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量在1 d与10 d处理时随着盐浓度的上升而增加,20 d处理时,GSH含量在100 mmol·L^-1盐处理较75 mmol·L^-1盐处理微微下降。(5)根长、茎长和MDA、H₂O₂、GSH和AsA呈负相关关系;MDA、H₂O₂与SOD、CAT、APX呈负相关关系,与POD、GR呈正相关关系;SOD、CAT、APX3种酶互为正相关关系,POD与GR、SOD、CAT呈正相关关系。由此可见,低盐浓度(25 mmol·L^-1)处理刺激了 ‘895’杨的生长,其通过提升抗氧化酶活性与抗氧化物质含量来维持活性氧平衡,避免受到毒害;高盐浓度(100 mmol·L^-1)处理抑制了抗氧化酶与非酶抗氧化物质的作用,‘895’杂交杨受到了伤害;APX是 ‘895’杂交杨叶片内抵御膜脂过氧化最为关键的酶。     

Germination,growth and ions uptake of moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) grown under saline condition

Salinity is the major environmental stress that affects the growth and productivity of plants. The present study was conducted to determine the effect of salinity on growth and ions uptake by moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) plant. The experiment was carried out in two phases. Initially, a germination test was conducted in the laboratory under the different salinity levels (control, 5, 10, 15, and 20 dS m^?1) and found that moringa seeds were germinated only at 5 and 10 dS m^?1 salinity levels, and no germination occurred at higher salinity levels (15 and 20 dS m^?1). The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with five replications. In the second phase, three-week old nursery grown plants of moringa were shifted in pots under the five salinity levels (control, 5, 10, 15, and 20 dS m^?1). The experiment was laid out in CRD and replicated four times. In pot experiment, the root, shoot length, and dry weights were significantly affected by increasing the salinity levels. The uptake of K⁺ and Ca²⁺ was highly affected at different salinity levels as compared to control and Na⁺ ions accumulation was higher in roots rather than shoot. The results reveal that moringa plant can germinate, survive, and can be cultivated in areas with moderate saline condition.     

Stress Studies in Lentil (Lens esculenta Moench)

A pot experiment was conducted to see the effect of varying levels of soil sodicity on leaf growth, nitrate reductase activity, nodule development and nitrogenase activity in two lentil ( Lens esculenta Moench) genotypes. It was observed that in both the genotypes increasing level of soil sodicity decreased the plant height, leaf area, leaf dry weight, total biomass production and finally the grain yield. Nitrate reductase activity in leaf tissues and concentration of total nitrogen in different plant organs showed significant reduction with increase in soil sodicity. Increasing soil sodicity (15 and 20 ESP) was not only deleterious to nodulation and nitrogenase activity but also caused complete failure of nodulation process at 25 ESP of soil. Reduction in aforesaid characters due to increasing soil sodicity was less in variety PL-406 than that of local indicating thereby the relative tolerance of PL-406 to sodicity.
Prolonged and higher activities of nitrate reductase and nitrogenase at higher sodicity level in PL-406 might be the reasons for superiority of this variety. Significant and positive correlations were also observed between leaf characters and nitrogenase activity.     

Effects of saline water irrigation on soil salinity and yield of winter wheat–maize in North China Plain

Drought and fresh water shortage are in the way of sustainable agriculture development in the North China Plain. The scarcity of fresh water forces farmers to use shallow saline ground water, which helps to overcome drought and increase crop yields but also increases the risk of soil salinization. This paper describes salt regimes and crop responses to saline irrigation water based on field experiments conducted from October 1997 to September 2005. It was found that use of saline water causes the ECe of the topsoil (0–100 cm, Cv: 0.196∼0.330) to be higher and more variable than the subsoil (100–180 cm, Cv: 0.133∼0.219). The salt load rapidly increased, notably in the upper 80 cm and especially during the season of October 1999 to June 2000. It was concluded that the maximum soil depth to which the soil was leached during the wet season was about 150 cm. The relative yields of winter wheat could be ranked Fresh Sufficient (FS, 100%) > Fresh Limited (FL, 91.80%) > Saline Sufficient (SS, 91.63%) > Saline Limited (SL, 88.28%) > Control (C, 69.58%) and for maize FS (100%) > FL (96.37%) > SS (93.05%) > SL (90.04%)> C (89.81%). The best irrigation regime was Saline Limited for winter wheat and maize, provided rainfall is sufficient. The experiments confirm that saline irrigation water appears to be economically attractive to farmers in the short term and ecological hazards can still be controlled with proper leaching.     

Brassinosteroid (BR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi alleviate salinity in wheat

This study was conducted to assess the impacts of brassinosteroide (BR), arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, Glomus mosseae and their interactions on salt stress tolerance in Triticum aestivum L. After foliar spraying of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants by 5 µM epibrassinolide, they were subjected to 0 and 150 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) for 2 weeks. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design, replicated 4 times. Our results showed a probable potential of BR and/or AM fungi in improving salt tolerance of plants. Total phenol and proline content increased in BR and/ or AM treatments. AM fungi promoted plant growth, including leaf area, shoot and root dry weights, and lengths under saline condition. Moreover, BR improved growth parameters except root dry weights and lengths. This study indicated that BR and/or AM fungi may contribute to improve salt tolerance of the plant.     

大麦过氧化物体膜上的抗坏血酸过氧化物酶拟南芥的耐盐机制

Ascorbate peroxidases （APX）, localized in the cytosol, peroxisome, mitochondria, and chloroplasts of plant cells, catalyze the reduction of H2O2 to water by using ascorbic acid as the specific electron donor. To determine the role of peroxisomal type ascorbate peroxidase （pAPX）, an antioxidant enzyme, in protection against salt-induced oxidative stress, transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plant carrying a pAPX gene （HvAPX1） from barley （Hordeum vulgate L.） was analyzed. The transgenic line pAPX3 was found to be more tolerant to salt stress than the wild type. Irrespective of salt stress, there were no significant differences in Na^＋, K^＋, Ca^2＋, and Mg^2＋ contents and the ratio of K^＋ to Na^＋ between pAPX3 and the wild type. Clearly, the salt tolerance in pAPX3 was not due to the maintenance and reestablishment of cellular ion homeostasis. However, the degree of H2O2 and lipid peroxidation （measured as the levels of malondialdehyde） accumulation under salt stress was higher in the wild type than in pAPX3. The mechanism of salt tolerance in transgenic pAPX3 can thus be explained by reduction of oxidative stress injury. Under all conditions tested, activities of superoxide, glutathione reductase, and catalase were not significantly different between pAPX3 and the wild type. In contrast, the activity of APX was significantly higher in the transgenic plant than in wild type under salt stress. These results suggested that in higher plants, HvAPX1 played an important role in salt tolerance and was a candidate gene for developing salttolerant crop plants.     

Influence of Salt Stress on the Nutritional State of Cordyline fruticosa var. Red Edge, 2: Sodium,Potassium, Calcium,and Magnesium

The aim of this trial was to study the nutritional behavior generated by modifications in the salt concentration in the nutrient solution used for the fertigation of Cordyline fruticosa var. Red Edge plants. Four treatments were tested: T₁ [control, 1.5 dS m^?1, 14.3 mmol L^?1 sodium chloride (NaCl)]; T₂ (2.5 dS m^?1, 22.2 mmol L^?1 NaCl); T₃ (3.5 dS m^?1, 32.7 mmol L^?1 NaCl); and T₄ (4.5 dS m^?1, 38.2 mmol L^?1 NaCl). There is an accumulation of sodium (Na⁺) in roots, stem, and petiole when salinity increases, which avoid leaf damages. Potassium (K) concentration increases with the intermediate saline treatments in stems and leaves but decreases when plants are fertigated with T₄. Calcium (Ca) accumulates in roots with T₃ and T₄, in stems with T₄, and in petioles and leaves with T₃. Magnesium (Mg) concentration is greater in stems, petioles, and leaves of T₄, but is greater in roots of T₃. Plants fertigated with the three saline treatments extract 1.4 times more Na⁺ than T₁ plants. The greatest K⁺ extraction is observed in T₂, followed by T₃, and T₄. T₂, T₃, and T₄ plants extracted more Ca²⁺ than T₁ plants. Finally, Mg²⁺ extractions in T₃ are twice as much as they are in T₁, while in T₄ and T₂ are much greater.