我国畜牧业发展战略刍议

我国正处在人增地减、经济持续增长、改革开放超长发展的形势下，畜牧业正面临着需求持续增长、限制因素增加、生产经营系统不断变革的压力之下。畜牧业的持续稳定发展，必须解决：正确认识畜牧业在国民经济中的地位和作用；畜牧业产业化道路；科学技术是畜牧业发展的动力；保持生态平衡使畜牧业可持续发展等战略问题。     

前置导叶对畜禽舍轴流风机性能的影响

畜禽养殖过滤除臭装置对传统轴流风机负压抽吸能力提出了更高的要求。为提高传统轴流风机的气动性能，扩大其有效工作区间，该研究以550型农用轴流风机为对象，结合试验和数值模拟研究了前置导叶对轴流风机性能的影响。通过单因素和响应面分析方法，对前置导叶的导叶安装角（α）、轴向间距（L）、导叶个数（n）对风机性能和流场的影响进行研究，分析各因素对风机性能的影响，求解出最佳参数组合。通过3D打印制作前置导叶并进行样机试验。结果表明，增设前置导叶后，风机内部区域涡流得到削弱，降低了流动损失，静压效率提高，流动剧烈程度降低，流场更稳定，叶片静压差增大，风机叶片的做功能力增强，与传统结构相比，增设前置导叶后风机通风量和能效比均明显提升，通风量提升幅度在5.7%～10.39%，能效比提升幅度在6.62%～10.89%；在静压50 Pa下，通风量提升6.76%，能效比提升7.75%。研究结果证明了增设前置导叶提升轴流风机负压抽吸能力的可行性。     

剑阁县大力发展草食牲畜的策略研究

剑阁县有丰富的草地资源和大量的农副秸秆，具有大力发展草食牲畜的物质条件。立足于当地自然资源优势，依靠政策、依靠科学技术，是大力发展节粮型草食牲畜的可行性途径     

微生物发酵中药的研究现状及其在养殖业中的应用

发酵法是中药炮制的传统方法,具有提高有效成分含量、增强或产生新的疗效、降低毒性、调整肠道菌群等作用。现代中药发酵技术克服了传统中药发酵技术的菌种驳杂、温度和湿度不可控等缺点,发展出了固体发酵、液体发酵和双向固体发酵的现代工艺技术。近年来国家推行饲料禁抗,微生物发酵中药作为一种微生态制剂,在提高动物生产性能、提高动物机体免疫力、预防和治疗疾病等方面,以其独特的优势成为养殖业中抗生素替代品之一,在畜禽养殖业和水产养殖业有着巨大的潜力和市场。但目前发酵中药仍存在发酵机理不明确、物质基础的改变相对未知、发酵菌种较为单一、缺少一定的质量标准等问题。作者重点介绍了发酵中药的优势并比较了各种发酵技术的优点和缺点,对发酵中药在畜禽养殖和水产养殖中的应用进行了归纳总结,分析了发酵中药的发展潜力以及目前存在的问题、改进方案及发展方向,以期对未来微生物发酵中药的深入研究及其在畜禽、水产养殖业中的应用提供思路与借鉴。     

黄芪的生物学活性及其在畜禽生产中的应用研究进展

黄芪含有多糖类、皂苷类、黄酮类等多种生物活性物质,具有增强免疫力、抗氧化、抗菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、抗衰老、调节血压及防治糖尿病等作用,应用于畜禽生产中能够提升机体免疫功能和抗氧化功能,提高生长性能和产品质量。对黄芪的生物学活性及在畜禽生产中的应用进行综述,以期为动物用黄芪产品的研究、开发与应用提供参考。     

Policy issues in agroforestry: technology adoption and regional integration in the western Brazilian Amazon

Agroforestry systems (AFS) have received much attention from policymakers and others for their perceived ability to contribute significantly to economic growth, poverty alleviation, and environmental sustainability. Yet in many areas of the developing world where AFS have proven their agronomic potential, they have yet to be widely adopted. This paper approaches the issue with a focus on one such area – the western Brazilian Amazon, an area where economic integration within the region itself, across national boundaries, and between the region and the rest of Brazil (’regional integration‘) may soon vastly shift incentives to natural resource users. The paper addresses AFS adoption via a conceptual framework that argues for scrutinizing agronomic and socioeconomic characteristics of AFS and their potential adopters. This framework facilitates a priori assessment of whether specific AFS will be adopted, and if so, by whom and with what likely impact on the development objectives at hand. It highlights characteristics that lend socioeconomic and agronomic ’agility‘ – connoting flexibility to easily shift production systems and accompanying marketing strategies in response to unforeseen or rapid change (due to qualities of the AFS itself, or the producer). Financial performance indicators (net present value of AFS during establishment and for the life of a project, and years to positive cash flow) are presented for selected AFS, and juxtaposed to a livestock production system that is already gaining wide adoption in the area. This juxtaposition illustrates the practical effects of socio-economic and agronomic characteristics posited as influential. Against this backdrop, trends in ’regional integration' are discussed, along with implications this integration process has for AFS adoption. The paper ends with a discussion of the roles and limitations of policy in promoting AFS adoption. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Agroforestry systems in North America

Agroforestry systems in North America vary widely in terms of components (tree, forb, graminoid, and shrub species) and outputs. Most of the agroforestry systems used in North America have emphasized wood and livestock production. The objective of each system has been to produce annual and long term economic returns and sustainable yields. Inputs such as fossil fuels, fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides are relatively low compared to those used in conventional agriculture.Major agroforestry system types in each of eight North American regions are described. The major species used as vegetational components in each system are enumerated by region. The numerous variations in how these components are mixed have created an almost endless number of actual systems. Management problems and solutions, economic concerns, and system comparisons have also been addressed for each region.     

The Chagga homegardens: a multistoried agroforestry cropping system on Mt. Kilimanjaro (Northern Tanzania)

The homegardens are characterised by an intensive integration of numerous multipurpose trees and shrubs with food crops and animals, simultaneously on the same unit of land.The Chagga are skilled farmers with an intimate knowledge of the crops and their ecological requirements. They have a good idea of functions/uses of the plant species on their farms. The large species diversity provides both subsistence and cash crops. It enables the farmer to keep his management options open and provides insurance against drought, pest and economic risks.     

德国畜禽产业发展及屠宰管理概述

德国畜牧业发达,在保障本国,甚至欧盟的畜禽产品供应上发挥了重要作用。本文介绍了德国畜禽产业发展的基本情况,总结了德国在畜禽屠宰管理方面的基本原则和成功做法,以期对我国畜禽产业发展和屠宰管理提供参考和借鉴。     

一株海南菌草“绿洲一号”内生细菌的分离鉴定及其生物学特性研究

【目的】探究汕尾市畜禽粪污土地承载力现状,为当地开展种养结合、合理发展畜禽养殖规模提 供理论基础。【方法】根据《汕尾统计年鉴》的数据,对汕尾市 2017—2020 年畜禽粪污养分供应量、农作物粪 肥养分需求量以及土地承载力进行测算。【结果】2017—2020 年,汕尾市畜禽存栏量由 66.41 万头猪当量增加到 87.89 万头猪当量,其中 2020 年海丰县和陆丰市的养殖规模与前 3 年相比有较大增长;按汕尾市农作物氮、磷 养分需求总量折算的畜禽粪肥量分别由 1.52 万、0.36 万 t 增长到 1.76 万、0.41 万 t。在此期间,汕尾市畜禽养殖 所能提供的畜禽粪肥氮、磷供应量分别由 0.46 万、0.08 万 t 增加到 0.62 万、0.11 万 t;以氮、磷为基准的畜禽粪 污土地承载力指数分别为 0.30~0.35 和 0.22~0.26。【结论】汕尾市整体的畜禽养殖规模仍有较大发展潜力,汕尾 市农业部门在规划畜禽养殖业的未来发展时可根据各个区、县（市）的土地承载力情况进行相应调整。