陕北丘陵沟壑区发展生态草畜产业的思考

实施退耕还林还草之后,种草养畜是陕北丘陵沟壑区重要的后续产业,成为农民增收新的突破口。挖掘发展草畜业的资源优势和潜力,采用扩大苜蓿种植、实行舍饲养羊发展节粮型畜牧业、发展草畜产品的加工和综合利用、建立健全服务体系等措施,应遵循生态学原理和循环经济理念,从牧草生产源头抓起,严格防止草畜生产各环节的污染,全面建设生态草畜业,实现区域生态经济可持续发展。     

微生态调节剂CHM-2对禽畜粪便高温堆肥的影响

利用自行研制的微生态调节剂CHM-2对鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪等禽畜粪便进行高温好氧堆肥化处理,探讨该制剂对堆肥过程温度和种子发芽指数的影响。结果表明:应用该制剂在猪粪、鸡粪、牛粪堆肥化处理中,最高温度分别达到61.6℃、65℃、56.5℃,且持续时间达到无害化的要求;在种子发芽指数试验中,猪粪、鸡粪、牛粪堆肥到达GI>50%时间分别为15 d、15 d、10 d,均较EM对照组和空白组提早。     

区域畜产品需求预测及畜种结构调整

需求是生产结构形成的决定性因素,也是畜种结构调整的决定性因素。因此,本文以内蒙古自治区哲里木盟为研究对象,从不同角度对区域畜产品需求趋势进行了分析,提出了畜种结构调整方向,在畜产品需求预测的基础上,对哲盟“八五”期间畜种结构进行了调整。并为实现调整目标,提出应采取的原则性措施。     

Review of Measurement Technologies for Air Pollutants at Livestock and Poultry Farms

With the intensification of livestock breeding, the air quality problem of livestock farms caused by high density breeding is becoming more and more serious. Animal husbandry has become one of the important sources of air pollutants in China. Air emitted from most intensive livestock houses contains a large amount of pollutants, including ammonia, sulfides, particulate matters (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which not only poses a big threat to animals and workers in livestock farms, but also spreads to the surrounding environment resulting in air pollution. Scientific and applicable air pollutants measuring methods are the basis of monitoring and controlling air pollution in livestock and poultry farms. In this article, the detection methods of livestock farming related hazardous gases (e.g., NH₃, H₂S), greenhouse gases, particulate matters and odor were summarized. The detection methods of hazardous gases in livestock houses mainly include chemical analysis, semiconductor gas sensor detection, spectroscopic methodology and mass spectrometry. The wet-chemical method is cheap and can detect gases sensitively and accurately, while it cannot detect gases in real time, and the process is time-consuming and labor-intensive. The gas tube is cheap and easy to operate, but the deviation is great. Electrochemical sensor is of high sensitivity, moderate cost and can be used to detect gas concentration continuously, however, the devices are easy to age. Spectrum method and mass spectrometry can detect gas quickly and accurately, but it is not suitable for conventional air detection of productive livestock farming due to its high costs. In this paper, the detection methods of greenhouse gases (e.g., CH₄, CO₂) generated from animal intestinal fermentation and livestock environment were also summarized. It is hard to conclude an accurate detection of greenhouse gases in animal husbandry, because the concentrations of greenhouse gases in animal husbandry changes all the time (diurnal and seasonal) and are related to other factors including sampling points. No international common testing method and measurement standard are concluded till now, therefore, the research of greenhouse gases detection method and standard in animal husbandry should be carried out as soon as possible. The detection methods of particulate matters (PM) in livestock farms were reviewed from three aspects: physical, chemical and biological characteristics. PM contains complex components in livestock farms, therefore, it is highly needed to improve PM detection technology. Besides, the component analysis and sensory analysis of odorous substances in livestock farms were overviewed. The odor analysis of professional olfactory discernment personnel owns stronger subjectivity and costs higher than gas chromatography- mass spectrometry. While, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is unable to determine all gaseous organic compounds with one sample. Combining gas chromatography and dynamic olfactometer can be more efficient for comprehensive analysis of odor samples. In this article, detection methods and techniques of air pollutants in animal husbandry were comprehensively reviewed to provide a reference for the development of air pollutants detection technologies in livestock and poultry breeding in China.     

蚯蚓堆肥对畜禽粪污耐药基因的影响研究进展

抗生素耐药基因作为一种新型环境污染物,严重威胁着人体健康与动物安全,与其直接相关的细菌耐药性问题也已成为目前世界环境与医学领域关注的焦点。畜禽养殖业是我国经济发展和农业现代化的中轴产业,同时也是耐药基因污染的重要源头,蚯蚓堆肥对合理利用畜禽粪便、促进我国农业绿色发展具有重要意义,而摸清蚯蚓堆肥畜禽粪便及后续产物利用过程中耐药基因的行为规律和环境归趋则是其合理利用的关键。本文在简要论述蚯蚓堆肥畜禽粪便现状的基础上,聚焦蚯蚓堆肥及产物利用过程中耐药基因污染问题,梳理总结了转化及产物利用过程中耐药基因的污染赋存特征、环境行为规律及迁移主控因子,并提出基于“畜禽粪便-蚯蚓堆肥-蚓粪还田”资源化利用全过程的耐药基因污染防控建议及展望,以期为我国畜禽粪便资源化、无害化利用及农业绿色发展提供参考。     

新疆畜牧业网络信息化建设现状及存在的问题

畜牧业是新疆农村经济的重要组成部分,畜牧业的信息化建设有利于推动新疆畜牧业的进一步发展。对新疆畜牧业网络信息化建设的现状和存在的问题进行了系统分析,并提出了加强新疆畜牧业信息化建设的措施和建议。     

青海省草地生态畜牧业中养羊业发展机制探讨

在草地生态畜牧业战略总体规划下,养羊产业仍然是青海省草地畜牧业的主要组成部分。该研究分析了青海省养羊业现状,指出当地可以进一步降低羊总数,提高个体生产力,加速周转。通过分析产业内部因素和外部环境条件,提出产业发展思路:在建立牧民合作组织的基础上,开展集约化、规模化和标准化生产经营,应用配套技术,推广科技成果,牧民学习新技术,提高生产、管理和营销能力。     

天津市规模化畜禽养殖污染现状及减排潜力挖掘

以2014年天津市十大涉农区县规模化畜禽养殖量数据为基础,核算出天津市规模化畜禽养殖典型污染物COD和氨氮的排放量,并运用地理信息系统(GIS)对天津市规模化畜禽养殖污染的区域分布特征进行了分析。基于该市规模化畜禽养殖污染现状,以粪尿处理工艺与排放去向为控减方向,设定了3种控减情景,深度挖掘规模化畜禽养殖污染减排潜力。结果表明:2014年天津市规模化畜禽养殖COD排放量为29 795.20 t,氨氮排放量为1 805.71 t。通过大力推进商品有机肥生产、实现畜禽污水深度处理与资源化利用以及应用生物发酵床养殖技术等控减措施,能够实现近12 424.50 t COD和1 044.24 t氨氮的削减量,污染减排潜力巨大。在此基础上,有针对性地提出了天津市畜禽养殖业污染防治对策与建议,为相关部门进一步开展规模化畜禽养殖污染防治提供参考。     

复合人工湿地处理低浓度畜禽养殖废水的净化效果

为了解人工湿地对低浓度畜禽养殖废水的去除速度与净化效果,采用4级复合人工湿地以间歇进水的方式处理低浓度猪场废水,监测不同时期各级湿地进出水中TN、TP、NH_4~+-N、COD_(Cr)等污染物指标浓度的变化。结果表明,复合人工湿地进水中TN、TP、NH_4~+-N、CODCr年平均初始浓度分别为41.6、8.4、21.4、253.9 mg·L~(-1),去除率分别为94.66%、79.36%、91.04%、32.32%。其中1级湿地(芦苇-砾石垂直渗透流)对TN、TP和CODCr去除速度较快,分别为2.9、0.6、7.5 g·m~(-2)·d~(-1);2级湿地(芦苇-沸石垂直渗透流)对NH_4~+-N去除速度较快,为1.8 g·m~(-2)·d~(-1);3级湿地(芦苇-砾石水平潜流)和4级湿地(稻田水平表面流)对污染物的去除速度较低,对TN、TP、NH_4~+-N的去除速度均小于0.4 g·m~(-2)·d~(-1),对COD_(Cr)的去除速度小于2.3 g·m~(-2)·d~(-1)。污染物去除率受季节温度变化的影响较小。     

我国果菜茶中畜禽粪便有机肥替代化肥潜力

为探究我国畜禽有机肥对果菜茶理论养分需求量的满足水平,评估果菜茶三大作物有机替代与化肥减量潜力,本研究借助统计资料,定量分析我国畜禽粪便养分资源供应量和果菜茶理论养分需求量,在此基础上进行全国性及区域性替代可行性分析。统计分析表明:2015年,我国果菜茶化肥氮磷(纯养分)施用总量为1.84×107t·a-1,是理论需求量的两倍左右,化肥过量施用十分严重;2015年,我国畜禽粪便产生的氮、磷(以P2O5计,下同)分别为7.98×106、6.42×106t·a-1,若全部用于果菜茶,可替代78%的化肥,减少2.88×106～5.18×106t氮、磷肥损失;90%的省(市、自治区)产生的畜禽粪便可满足区域内化肥减量20%的目标,71%的省(市、自治区)畜禽粪便可满足区域内替代50%化肥;各地区畜禽有机肥替代化肥量空间差异较大,除长三角、珠三角经济发达地区(上海、江苏、浙江、福建、山东、广东、陕西)以外,其余省份(市、自治区)畜禽有机肥可100%替代区域内果菜茶化肥,并且,东北、西北地区的畜禽粪便在满足区域内果菜茶养分需求的基础上仍有较多盈余,可施用于粮食或者经济作物,或者转化为优质商品有机肥补给长三角、珠三角地区。我国果菜茶三大作物通过畜禽有机肥替代化肥,70%省份可实现化肥减量目标,减少氮磷化肥面源污染。研究结果可为我国果菜茶中畜禽粪便有机肥替代化肥施用提供一定理论指导,为实现果菜茶化肥减量的目标提供决策支持。