青海省草地生态畜牧业中养羊业发展机制探讨

在草地生态畜牧业战略总体规划下,养羊产业仍然是青海省草地畜牧业的主要组成部分。该研究分析了青海省养羊业现状,指出当地可以进一步降低羊总数,提高个体生产力,加速周转。通过分析产业内部因素和外部环境条件,提出产业发展思路:在建立牧民合作组织的基础上,开展集约化、规模化和标准化生产经营,应用配套技术,推广科技成果,牧民学习新技术,提高生产、管理和营销能力。     

食用醋精抑制亚硝酸盐产生的试验

亚硝酸盐中毒(Nitrite poisonig)是畜禽常发生的一种中毒病。用白菜等含硝酸盐较多的菜类作猪的饲料,因调制加工不合理,会产生大量的亚硝酸盐,喂后引起猪急性中毒,常来不急抢救而死亡,对养猪业危害较大。用食用醋精加入调制白菜的浸泡液中,使其pH值为4时,完全可抑制反硝化细菌的活动,基本上不会产生亚硝酸盐。这是因为醋酸是含有2个碳原子的有机酸,对反硝化细菌毒性大,使菌体内DNA和ATP受到破坏,细菌失去脱氮作用所致。用醋精作调制白菜的抑制剂,会起到预防畜禽亚硝盐中毒的作用。     

禽流感疫情变动对畜禽产品价格的动态影响研究——基于时变参数向量自回归(TVP-VAR)模型

本文通过借助互联网大数据构建公众禽流感关注度指数作为禽流感疫情变动的代理变量,选取2013年1月—2017年3月畜禽产品周度价格数据,运用时变参数向量自回归模型(TVP-VAR)实证分析了禽流感疫情变动对畜禽产品价格波动的动态影响。结果表明,禽流感疫情的变化会造成畜禽产品价格波动,其中,对鸡肉价格影响最大,其次为猪肉价格,牛羊肉价格受到的影响相对较小;禽流感疫情的变动对鸡肉和牛羊肉价格以负向影响为主,而对猪肉价格的影响存在反转效应,即短期存在负向影响,中长期存在正向影响;不同时期、不同时点上禽流感疫情的变动对畜禽产品价格造成的影响不同,且具有明显的时变性。     

Shading effects on canopy and tillering characteristics of continuously stocked palisadegrass in a silvopastoral system in the Amazon biome

In silvopastoral (SP) systems, forage responses depend on the microenvironment in which the plants develop. Our objective was to evaluate canopy and tillering characteristics of shaded 'Marandu' palisadegrass [Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst A Rich) Stapf, syn. Urochloa brizantha] under continuous stocking in a SP system. Treatments were one full sun (FS) and three shaded systems (silvopasture, SP) corresponding to distances from tree groves: 7.5 m north (SP1), and 15 m (SP2) and 7.5 m south (SP3) studied during two rainy seasons (Year 1 and Year 2). The tree in the SP system was Eucalyptus urograndis (hybrid of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden × Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake). The photosynthetic active radiation was greater in FS (923 μmol m^-2 s^-1), followed by SP2 (811 μmol m^-2 s^-1), SP1 (727 μmol m^-2 s^-1) and SP3 (673 μmol m^-2 s^-1). Forage accumulation in FS was 15% greater than the mean of SP1, SP2 and SP3 (10,663 kg DM/ha). There was no difference in net accumulation of leaf, stem and dead material, averaging 3,302, 3,420 and 4,063 kg DM/ha respectively. Leaf accumulation and accumulation rate were greater in Year 2, and leaf accumulation rate was similar among treatments (19 kg DM ha⁻¹ day⁻¹). Leaf proportion increased 14% from Year 1 to Year 2. Specific leaf area was greater for treatments SP1 and SP3 (193 cm²/g). Tiller population density was similar across treatments in Year 1. Shaded palisadegrass maintains leaf productivity similar to FS under continuous stocking in an SP system.     

Performance and blood parameters when lambs and meat‐goat kids were finished on pasture with and without whole cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum) supplementation

We evaluated forage production patterns, weight gains and blood parameters when lambs (Ovis aries) and meat‐goat (Caprus hircus) kids were finished on a mixed sward of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) with (SUP) and without (UNSUP) supplemental whole cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum; WCS) in a replicated study. Botanical composition and energy/protein ratios of the sward varied with year and with time during the growing season. Swards had greater amounts of red clover relatively early and more cocksfoot later in the season. Suffolk (SX) lambs had the heaviest body weights, Katahdin (KA) lambs were intermediate, and meat‐goat (GX) kids were the lightest at the end of each year. Overall body weight gain followed a trend of SX > KA > GX, and WCS supplementation increased weight gain for all animals by 18%. Only in 2008 did SUP animals have higher blood urea nitrogen levels, which may indicate less efficient use of dietary nitrogen when grazing grass–legume pastures managed for high nutritive value compared with UNSUP animals. Gossypol in WCS did not affect blood packed cell volume between SUP and UNSUP lambs and meat‐goat kids. Suffolk lambs, Katahdin lambs and cross‐bred Boer meat‐goat kids finished on pasture with and without WCS supplementation produced desirable body weights for most ethnic markets in the USA.     

辣椒素在畜禽生产中的应用研究进展

辣椒是重要的蔬菜和调味品,并在医疗、减肥美容、军事等很多方面有重要应用。辣椒素是辣椒中主要有效成分的总称,具有明显的抑菌和改善生产性能、调节肠道菌群、提高免疫力的作用。在畜牧养殖应用上,具有替代抗生素的潜在价值。综述国内外辣椒素在畜禽生产方面的应用研究进展,为辣椒素在畜禽饲料添加方面的应用提供参考。     

UASB的启动及其对畜禽废水处理的试验研究

利用UASB反应器处理畜禽废水的试验运行。结果表明，用畜禽废水直接启动UASB反应器是切实可行的，絮状污泥接种后经过54d的驯化，有机负荷由0．8kgCOD·（m^3·d）^-1提升到5kg COD·（m^3·d）^-1，进料COD浓度由800mg·L^-1提高到4000mg·L^-1，去除率基本稳定在85％以上；用UASB反应器处理畜禽废水也是切实可行的，畜禽废水经过UASB反应器处理，COD的去除率达到85％以上，同时对TN和TP也有一定的去除，且反应器较稳定，具有较强的抗冲击负荷能力。     

发展我国集约化畜产业战略研究

提出依靠科技进步,发展有中国特色的集约化畜产业是牧工商一体化,销加产一条龙,是获取最佳生态、社会、经济效益的一项技术密集型产业;建立集约化畜产业管理体制是将涉及畜牧生产的产购销各部门连接起来,形成一个新的畜产行业,从上到下建立一个具有面向市场调控产购销能力的经济实体;发展我国集约化畜产业的模式是:畜产业产销集团→各业产销公司→批发市场→产品加工厂→良种养殖示范场→基地乡→专业村→规模经营专业户;发展集约化畜产业的道路是划区发展,突出重点;培养典型,规模经营;强化培训,科技兴牧;逆向驱动,以销促产.     

1990～2008年福建省农业废弃物产生量估算

利用福建统计年鉴数据对福建省农业废弃物产生量进行估算.结果显示:1990～2008年,福建省秸秆资源总量呈下降的趋势,产生量为805.09～1 077.41万t,其中粮食作物(谷类)秸秆产量下降幅度最大,稻秸产量下降了30.42％,麦秸下降了95％,经济作物(除甘蔗外)的秸秆产量呈上升趋势,从1990年到2005年上升...     

我国畜禽遗传资源开发与可持续利用的思考

畜禽遗传资源是重要的生物资源,对其进行有效保护和可持续开发利用,既是满足社会对畜产品消费多样化的需要,也是发展现代畜牧业的基础。当前,我国地方畜禽遗传资源开发利用工作中存在投入不足、激励机制不健全、企业与科研机构等部门的研发和推广力度不够、保护与开发利用工作相脱节等难点,需要通过完善相关政策、健全机制、科技创新、打造保护与开发利用相促进的良性循环等方式,进一步推动地方畜禽遗传资源的开发利用工作,以满足人们对畜产品种类、质量的更高要求,不断增强我国畜牧业发展的内生动力。综述了我国地方畜禽遗传资源保护与开发利用现状,分析了其中存在的一些问题和难点,并提出了相应的对策和建议。