乳牛舍内环境空气中细菌数量与乳房炎的关系研究

采用自然沉降法对规模化泌乳奶牛舍内消毒前后空气细菌含量进行检测,同时对泌乳牛群进行乳房炎调查,对乳房炎奶牛乳汁中病原菌分离鉴定。结果表明,不同的牛舍不同的培养基其结果均不相同,NA培养基菌落数最高达77.8×103cfu/m3,S.S培养基在多个分布点无细菌生长。牛舍经过消毒后环境空气中的细菌总数大幅度减少,运动场空气细菌总数明显低于舍内。奶牛乳房炎的发生率与牛舍环境空气中的细菌总数呈正相关,细菌总数多的牛舍奶牛乳房炎的发病率也高。环境空气中和乳房炎奶牛乳汁中同时分离到金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、伤寒沙门氏菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌等。     

A comparison of the effects of carbon dioxide and medical air for abdominal insufflation on respiratory parameters in xylazine-sedated sheep undergoing laparoscopic artificial insemination

AIMS: To determine if abdominal insufflation with medical air will improve oxygenation and ventilation parameters when compared to insufflation with CO₂ in xylazine-sedated sheep undergoing laparoscopic artificial insemination (AI).

METHODS: Forty-seven sheep underwent oestrus synchronisation and were fasted for 24 hours prior to laparoscopic AI. Each animal was randomised to receive either CO₂ or medical air for abdominal insufflation. An auricular arterial catheter was placed and utilised for serial blood sampling. Respiratory rates (RR) and arterial blood samples were collected at baseline, after xylazine (0.1?mg/kg I/V) sedation, 2 minutes after Trendelenburg positioning, 5 minutes after abdominal insufflation, and 10 minutes after being returned to a standing position. Blood samples were collected in heparinised syringes, stored on ice, and analysed for arterial pH, partial pressure of arterial O₂ (PaO₂), and CO₂ (PaCO₂). The number of ewes conceiving to AI was also determined.

RESULTS: Repeated measures ANOVA demonstrated temporal effects on RR, PaO₂, PaCO₂ and arterial pH during the laparoscopic AI procedure (p<0.001), but no difference between insufflation groups (p>0.01). No sheep experienced hypercapnia (PaCO₂>50?mmHg) or acidaemia (pH<7.35). Hypoxaemia (PaO₂<70?mmHg) was diagnosed during the procedure in 14/22 (64%) ewes in the CO₂ group compared with 8/23 (35%) ewes in the medical air group (p=0.053). Overall, 15/20 (75%) ewes in the CO₂ group conceived to AI compared with 16/22 (72.7%) in the medical air group (p=0.867).

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: There were no statistical or clinical differences in RR, PaO₂, PaCO₂, pH, or conception to AI when comparing the effects of CO₂ and medical air as abdominal insufflation gases. None of the sheep experienced hypercapnia or acidaemic, yet 42% (19/45) of sheep developed clinical hypoxaemia, with a higher percentage of ewes in the CO₂ group developing hypoxaemia than in the medical air group. Based on the overall analysis, medical air could be utilised as a comparable alternative for abdominal insufflation during laparoscopic AI procedures.     

FATAL VENOUS AIR EMBOLISM IN A CAT WITH A RETROPHARYNGEAL DIVERTICULUM

A cat with a 1-year history of oropharyngeal foreign bodies was diagnosed with a pharyngeal diverticulum. The cat experienced fatal cardiac arrest during endoscopy, and postmortem radiographs and ultrasound revealed venous air embolism. Venous air embolism is uncommonly reported in veterinary medicine, but is a risk during any procedure that introduces air into a body cavity. Precautions should be taken during these procedures to help minimize the risk of adverse events.     

Gross morphological features of the air sacs of the hooded crow (Corvus cornix)

Air sacs are considered to be one of the controlling factors of bird behaviour and habits in addition to their roles in ventilation, regulating body temperature, swimming and flight. As a scavenger and an omnivorous flight bird, air sacs of the hooded crow were the focus of this study. Eight healthy, adult hooded crows were used to examine the morphological characteristics of the air sacs, which were examined grossly and with latex and cast preparations. In general, the morphological overview of the hooded crow air sacs is similar to other avian species. We observed nine air sacs; four paired sacs (cervical, cranial thoracic, caudal thoracic and abdominal air sacs) and one unpaired sac; the clavicular air sac. The cervical air sac communicated to the lung through the medioventral bronchus and had three diverticula; intermuscular, subscapular and subcutaneous. The clavicular air sac communicated with lung through the medioventral bronchus and had subscapular, axillary, humeral, subpectoral and sternal diverticula. The cranial and caudal thoracic air sacs were communicated with lung through the lateroventral bronchi and the both sacs did not have any diverticula. The abdominal air sacs were posterior to the caudal thoracic air sacs. The left abdominal sac was the largest air sac. The right and left abdominal sacs gave off branches to diverticula that pneumatized synsacrum. The abdominal air sacs gave off femoral diverticula behind the hip joint as well as perirenal diverticula.     

鸡舍空气致病菌分离鉴定及其对消毒剂的敏感性观察

本试验研究金黄色葡萄球菌与大肠杆菌对河北省某地区规模化鸡舍空气的污染情况及其对消毒剂的敏感性。根据细菌分离培养特性、形态学、生化试验、动物试验和玻板凝集试验分离出7株金黄色葡萄球菌、6株致病性大肠杆菌（血清型为O15、O26、O93、O78）。经统计,金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌在规模化鸡舍空气中的检出率分别为63.6%、27.27%。应用滤纸片法测定其对消毒剂的敏感性,2种致病菌对消毒剂的敏感性差异较大,这表明规模化鸡舍空气受致病菌的污染程度不同,并且致病菌对消毒剂的敏感性有差异。     

湿度对紫花苜蓿干燥速率的影响

采用红外水分分析仪和恒温恒湿箱研究了湿度对紫花苜蓿干燥速率的影响。结果表明,环境湿度对干燥速率有重要影响,温度、湿度和紫花苜蓿含湿量与干燥速率之间有显著的相关性,紫花苜蓿湿基含湿量是对干燥速率影响最大的因素。在薄层干燥过程中湿度的影响要大于温度,紫花苜蓿茎加叶单层和叶单层干燥过程过程中温度的影响大于湿度,在茎单层干燥过程中温度和湿度的影响基本相同。同时,拟合出了以湿度、温度及紫花苜蓿湿基含湿量为自变量的数学方程式,并对它们与干燥速率的函数关系进行了总结。     

调制方式对苜蓿青干草干燥特性和营养品质的影响

本研究以种植第2年处于初花期的紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)为材料,设压扁+喷碳酸钾（2.5%）、压扁茎秆、自然晾晒和阴干4种青干草调制方法,以105 ℃烘干为对照,研究不同调制方法对苜蓿干燥特性和营养品质的影响,并对干草质量进行综合评价。结果表明,除对照外,参试调制方式的苜蓿干燥速率均呈现先快后慢的趋势;对照、压扁+喷碳酸钾（2.5%）都能加速干燥,减少干草营养物质损失;常规晾晒虽缩短了干燥时间,但对干草品质的保持效果不显著。采用灰色关联分析对参试方法的调制效果进行综合评价表明,对照的综合表现最好,其次是压扁+喷碳酸钾（2.5%）,该晾晒方法快速、简便、实用,在生产中值得推荐。     

双层桨叶单轴混合机的结构与特点

文章旨在分析双层桨叶单轴混合机的结构和混合原理。通过对混合机的机体、转子、卸料门及控制机构、传动部分、液体添加系统、气包喷吹系统关键结构的详细分析,了解其独特的混合原理和优良特性。该机具有混合均匀度高CV≤5%(可达2%~3%)、残留量低(≤0.1%)、生产效率高、使用维修方便等特点,在国内外饲料添加剂预混合生产中应用越来越广泛。     

Annual Energy Consumption and Feasibility Assessment of Ground -Source Heat Pump in Residential Building in Fuzhou City

This paper describes the annual energy consumption and economic assessment of air-source heat pump(ASHP) and ground-source heat pump(GSHP),based on hourly building load of typical house in Fuzhou.Analysis results show that the energy consumption of GSHP is 15% less than that of ASHP through all year,where there is 13% less in summer and 20% less in winter.Although the seasonal energy efficiency ratio of GSHP in Fuzhou is higher than that of ASHP,it has no obvious effect on the energy efficiency as it is in the hot summer and cold winter zone.In comparison with ASHP,the GSHP is not cost-effective.