四川省部分地区山羊沙门氏菌健康带菌率及耐药性调查

为了解四川省山羊沙门氏菌带菌情况,本试验采集了四川省部分地区5个规模化山羊养殖场表观健康山羊粪便196份,经BPW预增菌、TTB选择性增菌后,采用靶向invA基因的PCR方法检测沙门氏菌的带菌率;对阳性样本进行细菌分离鉴定,随机选择25株沙门氏菌分离株测定其对15种抗菌药物的敏感性。结果显示,山羊沙门氏菌的平均带菌率为54.59%。药敏试验结果显示,分离株均对丁胺卡那敏感,而对其余14种抗菌药物呈不同程度的耐药,多重耐药菌株占88%,其中耐2~7种药物的占52%,耐9~13种药物的占36%。结果表明,四川省部分地区山羊的沙门氏菌健康带菌率较高,且多重耐药性普遍,其公共卫生意义值得进一步研究。     

宁夏地区26个主栽苜蓿品种的抗蓟马能力评价

运用为害指数法,对宁夏地区主栽的26个苜蓿品种进行了室内蓟马抗性评价试验。田间蓟马种类以牛角花齿蓟马(Odontothrips loti)为主,占混合种群数量的75%,室内试虫群体结构与大田相仿。结果表明:供试26个苜蓿品种中,先行者、甘农9号、WL298HQ、耐盐之星、三得利5个品种的为害指数小于25.00%,对蓟马表现出较强的抗性;而皇后、盐宝、阿迪娜、WL354HQ 4个品种为害指数大于40.00%,对蓟马表现出较弱的抗性。同时从株高、分枝数及干草产量等方面对不同苜蓿品种抗性进行了初步研究。试验表明,蓟马为害后,抗性较强的苜蓿品种其株高绝对增长率、分枝相对增长率及干草产量损失率均高于抗性较弱的苜蓿品种。     

热应激影响动物生殖的表观遗传学机制研究进展

随着全球温室效应剧增,夏季高温作为一种热应激源对动物生殖产生越来越大的影响,对世界各国的畜牧生产带来严重损失,因此,亟需对热应激影响动物生殖的机制进行深入研究。同时,越来越多的报道指出,在动物生殖的诸多生理过程中,表观遗传机制起到广泛而又重要的作用。基于此,文章总结了近期国内外热应激影响动物生殖的表观机制的研究进展,以便为解决实际生产中的问题提供理论支持。     

Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococci on a farm: staff can harbour MRS when animals do not

The aim of this work was to establish the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococci (MRS) in the animals and staff of a teaching and research farm. Samples of dairy cattle (36), beef cattle (26), sheep (19), horses (21), pigs (23), goats (23) and humans (13) were collected and screened for the presence of MRS. The detection of mecA gene was performed by PCR to determine the resistance of the samples to methicillin. Antimicrobial-resistance testing to penicillin, meropenem, ceftriaxone, cephalothin, oxacillin, levofloxacin, enrofloxacin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, clindamycin, erytromycin, linezolid, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, tetracycline, doxycycline and vancomycin was performed on the mecA+ isolates. From the 161 samples, four methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci (MRCoNS) were isolated from human beings (31%), whereas none was isolated from animals (0%). No methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were isolated. All of the MRCoNS isolates from this work presented different antimicrobial resistance patterns. MRCoNS may be present in humans associated with animals while not present in the animals. Selective pressure outside of the farm and a lack of MRCoNS transmission between humans and animals may be responsible for this lack of correlation.     

Evolution of High-level,Multiple Anthelmintic Resistance on a Sheep Farm in Malaysia

Anthelmintic resistance in nematode parasites of sheep and goats on a government farm in north Malaysia was monitored over a 3-year period (1997–2000). The faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was conducted on young sheep at the beginning and end of this period. Changes in management, designed to reduce the selection pressure for the development of anthelmintic resistance, were also implemented during this time. By far the most important parasite problem was Haemonchus contortus. In 1997, this nematode was found to be resistant to levamisole, with suspected resistance to closantel and moxidectin. However, when the FECRT was repeated 3 years later, its resistance status had become much more severe, with resistance to benzimidazole, levamisole and ivermectin, and suspected resistance to moxidectin. This rapid evolution to multiple anthelmintic resistance is a major concern that needs to be arrested. There is an urgent need to evaluate other control strategies that incorporate livestock management, the `smart' use of drugs and non-chemotherapeutic approaches, such as biological control agents.     

高山草原条件下苜蓿种质抗霜霉性评价

对引自国内外的94个苜蓿品种在海拔3000m的甘肃桑科摹试验站进行了高山草原条件下的霜霉病抗性评价。结果表明,品种之间的抗病性差异颇大,发病率为0～100%,严重度为1～4。通过对各品种的发病率和严重两项指标进行聚类分析,按照抗病性从高到低将94个品种分为免疫、高抗、中抗、抗病、感病、中感、高感和极感8个抗性类群;其中：阿尔古奎斯、巴瑞尔,阿毕卡、安古斯、日本1品种、伊鲁瑰斯、布韦兹、托尔、81-89美国、CP4350萨蓝纳斯、贝维、润布勒、兰热来恩德和威斯康辛等14个品种属免疫类群;普劳勒、班纳、L2-1079匈牙利和兴平4个品种属高抗类群;肇东、陇中和陇东3个品种属高感类群;78-27捷克、阿波罗、准格尔、陕北和河西5个品种属极感类群。6～8月份病害随着生长期的推移而呈逐渐加重的趋势。绝大多数极感品种和所有高感品种均为国内品种,而所有免疫品种和绝大多数高抗品种均为国外引进品种,这种由于品种的来源不同而引起的抗病性差异很可能与苜蓿霜霉菌的高度寄生专化性有关。     

鸡大肠杆菌O78对喹诺酮类药物高耐药株的分子鉴定

就临床分离的鸡大肠杆菌O78对喹诺酮类药物的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）进行了测定，得到对喹诺酮类药物有不同耐药水平的细菌23株。根据GenBank已公布的QRDRs序列，设计了分剐扩增gyrA、gyrB、parC和parE基因的4对引物，以筛选的23株耐药菌DNA为模板，进行了PCR扩增。序列分析及AcrA的Western blotting检测结果表明，临床分离的鸡大肠杆菌对喹诺酮类药物的耐药水平与GyrA和ParC的突变密切相关，而AcrAB外输泵的表达水平无显著变化。提示临床分离的鸡大肠杆菌O78的耐药水平与喹诺酮类药物的选择性压力有关，它诱导了DNA旋转酶和拓扑异构酶IV的基因突变，可能不能激活AcrAB外输泵。     

新疆不同地区牛源大肠杆菌耐药性分析

This study was aimed to investigate the resistance of Escherichia coli isolates from cattle farms in Xinjiang to antibiotics. The resistances of Escherichia coli isolates from cattle farms in five regions to commonly used antibiotic were determined using microdilution broth assay. Escherichia coli isolates were highly resistant to ampicillin (up to 39.3%) in all regions, and existed multidrug-resistant, but zero resistance was the dominant. Escherichia coli isolates from E cattle farm in Cherqi town, Baicheng county, exhibited resistant to three kinds of quinolones (6.7%). The results suggested that the resistances of Escherichia coli isolates to commonly used antibiotics were not serious in Xinjiang.     

产志贺毒素多重耐药大肠杆菌噬菌体的生物学特性及全基因组分析

为探明大肠杆菌噬菌体的生物学特性和全基因组特征,本研究以在广西某猪场污水中分离得到的1株产志贺毒素且多重耐药的大肠杆菌GXEC010为宿主菌,同时在污水中分离到1株具有裂解作用的噬菌体,并通过透射电镜观察、最佳感染复数测定、一步生长曲线绘制、热敏感性与酸碱度稳定性评估、杀菌试验及全基因组测序等方法分析该噬菌体的生物学特性与基因组特征。结果表明,分离纯化得到能高效裂解大肠杆菌GXEC010的噬菌体,命名为vB_EcoM_BP10,其噬菌斑呈清晰透明,边缘光滑整齐;该噬菌体的最佳感染复数为1;一步生长曲线结果显示,感染宿主菌潜伏期为5 min,爆发期为65 min,爆发量为51;可耐受温度范围为30~60 ℃,在pH为5~8的环境中能维持稳定性;噬菌体杀菌试验结果显示,感染复数（MOI）为1时噬菌体vB_EcoM_BP10具有良好的杀菌效果。全基因组测序结果表明,噬菌体vB_EcoM_BP10基因组总片段长度为52 288 bp,GC含量为44.16%,含有71个阅读框（ORF）。GO功能注释表明,噬菌体vB_EcoM_BP10可参与小分子代谢、细胞氮化合物代谢等生物学过程中,具备核苷酸转移酶活性、离子结合、DNA结合等分子功能。与Escherichia phage ST32、 Enterobacteria phage phiEcoM-GJ1的亲缘关系较近。综上所述,噬菌体vB_EcoM_BP10具有清晰的宿主受体特异性,良好的热稳定性和酸碱稳定性,本研究结果能为有效防控产志贺毒素多重耐药大肠杆菌奠定一定的理论基础。