甘蔗白条病及其致病菌Xanthomonas albilineans研究进展

由白条黄单胞杆菌Xanthomonas albilineans引起的甘蔗白条病是一种寄生在植物维管组织的系统性细菌病害,在全球多数种植甘蔗的国家或地区普遍发生,对甘蔗产业的发展构成潜在威胁。本研究综述了甘蔗白条病的发生和分布、传播与流行规律以及病原菌生物学与基因组特性、鉴定与检测、遗传多样性和致病机理等方面内容;提出加强抗病种质挖掘与新品种选育推广、加快抗病分子育种进程、切断病害传播途径、加强隔离检验检疫等病害防控策略;此外,评估了该病害在我国蔗区流行暴发的风险,展望今后甘蔗抗病分子育种、病原菌致病机制及其与寄主互作机理等方面的分子基础研究重点与应用前景。     

黑皮中熟西瓜新品种开杂18号的选育

开杂18号是开封市农林科学研究所选育的黑皮、中熟西瓜新品种。全生育期103 d,果实发育期33 d,具有果个大、果皮黑且韧、品质优、易坐果、抗性强、适应范围较广等突出优点。     

桃褐腐病的发生和防治

链核盘菌（Monilinia spp.）所致的褐腐病是核果类果树的主要病害之一。我国16省（区）记载发生此病。本文综述了前人关于病原菌鉴定、分布、侵染特点和病害循环等方面的研究进展,对褐腐病防治策略和防治中的难点进行了讨论。     

Assessment of the impact of resistant and susceptible canola on Plasmodiophora brassicae inoculum potential

The impact on clubroot severity of growing susceptible canola or mixtures of resistant and susceptible canola genotypes was examined. Bioassays revealed greater clubroot severity and incidence, and reduced plant height, where 100% of a susceptible cultivar had been grown. A higher proportion of susceptible plants within a resistant canola crop increased root hair and secondary infections. Regression analysis of root hair infection and the amount of Plasmodiophora brassicae DNA (as determined by quantitative PCR) revealed strong linear relationships between the two parameters. The linear relationships between root hair infection and P. brassicae DNA were stronger for the resistant cultivar than for the susceptible cultivar when regression analysis was conducted by cultivar over the sampling dates. In conclusion, the cropping of a resistant cultivar reduced clubroot severity, while the presence of susceptible volunteer canola increased inoculum potential. Quantitative PCR was a reliable tool for the quantification of root hair infection.     

快速灵敏的甘蔗线条花叶病毒免疫学检测体系的建立

 甘蔗花叶病广泛存在于我国甘蔗种植区,严重影响甘蔗产业的高质量发展。近年来甘蔗线条花叶病毒在蔗区肆虐,尽管针对其的血清学检测技术已经建立,但是快速、准确、高通量的检测方法亟待发掘。本研究制备了^SCSMVCP的抗血清,特异性高,与引起甘蔗花叶病的另两种病原 (高粱花叶病毒和甘蔗花叶病毒) 间没有血清学交叉反应。基于该多克隆抗体,建立了直接抗原包被的ELISA、斑点杂交、Western blot和基于多抗的免疫试纸条检测技术。开发的免疫试纸条检测技术能快速、准确、高通量应用于田间病毒鉴定。本文提供了基于血清学的快速、准确、高通量,且便捷的甘蔗线条花叶病毒检测技术,有助于我国蔗区甘蔗花叶病的监测与防控。     

人工感染鸭源新城疫病毒对绍鸭β-防御素和细胞因子基因表达的影响

试验旨在探讨人工感染鸭源新城疫病毒（Newcastle disease virus,NDV）对绍鸭β-防御素（avian β-defensins,AvBDs）和细胞因子基因表达的影响。选用45只20日龄SPF绍鸭,随机分为攻毒组（27只）和对照组（18只）,攻毒组采用滴鼻点眼的途径（10^8.38 EID₅₀）接种鸭源NDV强毒株（Md/CH/LGD/1/2005）,对照组接种磷酸盐缓冲液。在攻毒后24和48 h,从对照组及攻毒组各随机取6只鸭屠宰,分别采集肾脏、肺脏、气管、腺胃、骨髓、脾脏、盲肠扁桃体、哈德氏腺、法氏囊9个组织,运用实时荧光定量PCR法检测组织样品中9种AvBDs和细胞因子的表达量;剩余鸭每天持续观察,每隔4 d采血1次,直至24 d,检测血清抗体水平;于攻毒后24、48、72和120 h采集咽喉及泄殖腔拭子,以确定排毒周期。结果表明,感染该NDV毒株后,鸭没有临床发病症状和死亡情况发生;感染后鸭排毒开始于攻毒后第1天,到第5天停止,在攻毒组咽喉及泄殖腔拭子中均检测到NDV。抗体水平检测结果显示,该NDV能够诱导鸭体内产生抗NDV特异抗体。实时荧光定量PCR结果发现,与对照组相比,感染后24 h,部分鸭组织中AvBD1、AvBD2、AvBD5、AvBD6、AvBD9和AvBD16表达量均显著升高（P<0.05）;感染后48 h,AvBD1和AvBD6在部分鸭组织中表达量均显著上调（P<0.05）;感染后48 h法氏囊中白细胞介素6（IL-6）和脾脏中干扰素γ（IFN-γ）的表达量明显低于感染后24 h的表达量。综上所述,该鸭源NDV毒株感染可诱导绍鸭体内在早期产生天然免疫反应,这些反应可能与病毒在机体内复制有关。     

Efficacy of statistical process control procedures to identify deviations in continuously measured physiological and behavioral variables in beef heifers resulting from an experimentally combined viral–bacterial challenge

The objective of this experiment was to determine if statistical process control (SPC) procedures coupled with remote continuous data collection could accurately differentiate between animals experimentally inoculated with a viral–bacterial (VB) challenge or phosphate buffer solution (PBS). Crossbred heifers (N = 38; BW = 230 ± 16.4 kg) were randomly assigned to treatments by initial weight, average daily gain (ADG), bovine herpes virus 1, and Mannheimia haemolytica serum titers. Feeding behavior, dry matter intake (DMI), animal activity, and rumen temperature were continuously monitored remotely prior to and following VB challenge. VB-challenged heifers exhibited decreased (P < 0.01) ADG and DMI, as well as increased (P < 0.01) neutrophils and rumen temperature consistent with a bovine respiratory disease (BRD) infection. However, none of the heifers displayed overt clinical signs of disease. Shewhart and cumulative summation (CUSUM) charts were evaluated, with sensitivity and specificity computed on the VB-challenged heifers (n = 19) and PBS-challenged heifers (n = 19), respectively, and the accuracy was determined as the average of sensitivity and specificity. To address the diurnal nature of rumen temperature responses, summary statistics (mean, minimum, and maximum) were computed for daily quartiles (6-h intervals), and these quartile temperature models were evaluated separately. In the Shewhart analysis, DMI was the most accurate (95%) at deciphering between PBS- and VB-challenged heifers, followed by rumen temperature (94%) collected in the 2nd and 3rd quartiles. Rest was most the accurate accelerometer-based traits (89%), and meal duration (87%) and bunk visit (BV) frequency (82%) were the most accurate feeding behavior traits. Rumen temperature collected in the 3rd quartile signaled the earliest (2.5 d) of all the variables monitored with the Shewhart, followed by BV frequency (2.8 d), meal duration (2.8 d), DMI (3.0 d), and rest (4.0 d). Rumen temperature and DMI remained the most accurate variables in the CUSUM at 80% and 79%, respectively. Meal duration (58%), BV frequency (71%), and rest (74%) were less accurate when monitored with the CUSUM analysis. Furthermore, signal day was greater for DMI, rumen temperature, and meal duration (4.4, 5.0, and 3.7 d, respectively) in the CUSUM compared to Shewhart analysis. These results indicate that Shewhart and CUSUM charts can effectively identify deviations in feeding behavior, activity, and rumen temperature patterns for the purpose of detecting sub-clinical BRD in beef cattle.     

牛疙瘩皮肤病病毒ORF132基因的克隆及其原核表达

为原核表达牛疙瘩皮肤病病毒(LDSV) ORF132并对该基因进行生物信息学分析,本研究采用PCR扩增LSDV的ORF132基因,将其亚克隆至pGEX-6p-1载体中,构建重组质粒pGEX-LSDV-ORF132.生物信息学分析表明,LSDV的ORF132与Neethling vaccine LW1959株LW132、NI-2490株LSDV132和NW-LW株LD132的相应推导氨基酸同源性分别为100％、100％和94.4％,与山羊痘病毒、绵羊痘病毒相应推导氨基酸的同源性为20.7 ％～36％.SDS-PAGE和western blot分析表明,pGEX-LSDV-ORF 132在大肠杆菌BL21中经IPTG诱导主要以包涵体形式存在,其重组蛋白大小约为48.95ku,并且与特异性抗体具有抗原反应活性.     

香蕉枯萎病拮抗菌筛选及其抑菌活性

为获得对香蕉枯萎病菌具有稳定拮抗作用的微生物菌株,分别从海南省临高县南宝镇新营农场、皇桐村及美台镇美梅村采集感病土壤和健康土壤进行微生物分离,并以香蕉枯萎病菌4号小种(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense Race 4)等9种病原菌为靶标菌株,采用平板对峙法和含药介质法对拮抗菌的抑菌活性进行评价,同时根据形态特征、培养特征及生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列分析对其进行鉴定。结果表明:6个土壤样品中共分离得到具有拮抗作用的细菌93株和放线菌133株,其中T3-G-59菌株对9种病原菌具有广谱抗性,菌丝生长抑制率为43.58%~86.43%,孢子萌发抑制率为42.22%~81.11%,其中对香蕉枯萎病菌4号小种的菌丝生长和孢子萌发抑制率分别为86.43%和81.00%,经鉴定该菌株为多产色链霉菌Streptomyces polychromogenes,表明该多产色链霉菌T3-G-59菌株具有应用于香蕉枯萎病生物防治的潜力。     

油菜菌核病发生流行与菌源量、气候因子关系分析及病情预测模型的建立

为探究油菜菌核病田间发生流行的影响因子并建立病情预测模型,采用田间调查法测定油菜田菌核密度、子囊盘密度、花朵带菌率,并分析了2008—2014年各气候因子与病叶率、成熟期茎秆病株率、病情指数之间的关系。结果显示,田间菌核密度、子囊盘密度、花朵带菌率与病叶率及成熟期茎秆病株率均呈极显著正相关;2月下旬至5月上旬日均气温及2月下旬至4月上旬日均相对湿度、降雨量及降雨天数与各年度成熟期病株率及病情指数均呈显著正相关,而日照时数与各年度成熟期病株率及病情指数均呈极显著负相关。以油菜盛花期花朵带菌率作为指标,可预测其田间成熟期病株率;以降雨量(x_2)、降雨天数(x_3)及日照时数(x_4)与各年度成熟期病株率(y_1)及病情指数(y_2)分别建立了预测模型y_1=15.47+0.07x_2+0.42x_3-0.03x_4和y_2=10.36+0.07x_2+0.38x_3-0.03x_4,其拟合度均最高,分别为99.07%和98.43%,可作为油菜成熟期茎秆发病株率及病情指数的预测模型。表明油菜菌核病菌源量和气候因子是影响病害发生流行的关键因子。