民族地区公共卫生人才资源开发的困境与对策分析———以四川省甘孜州为例简

民族地区公共卫生事业在促进社会和谐发展、实现发展成果全民共享等方面具有重要意义.在实践中,人才资源的缺失已成为民族地区公共卫生事业发展的主要障碍.该研究从经济与自然条件、观念、政策、管理与服务这几个方面分析了民族地区卫生人才资源开发的困境,提出了加大卫生投入、加快观念转变、加强政策研究、创新管理体制等公共卫生人力资源开发的对策建议.     

Effect of Perches at Different Positions in Conventional Cages for Laying Hens of Two Different Strains

Production, health and behaviour were studied in 648 White Leghorn hens of two strains, LSL and Shaver 288, housed in three-tier battery cages (four hens per cage, 600 cm2 per hen) with three treatments; two with a perch fitted across the cage, 17 (PB) or 24 cm (PC) from the back of the cage, respectively, and control cages without perch (NP). Introducing a perch did not significantly affect production, but PC gave more dirty eggs, and both PC and PB tended to give more cracked eggs. The perch caused inferior keel bone condition and hygiene of the cage floor and a stronger tibia. LSL hens showed higher production, better feed conversion ratio, fewer cracked eggs, better keel bone health and shorter claws than Shavers. Use of the perch averaged 25 and 90% during day and night, respectively. The perch did not significantly affect other behaviours. There were significant interactions between strain and cage design regarding laying percentage, egg weight, cracked eggs, live weight, foot- and perch hygiene, keel bone condition and toe pad hyperkeratosis.     

Effect of setting a maximum milking time,from peak lactation,on production,milking time and udder health

Abstract

AIM: To examine the effect of setting a maximum milking time, from peak lactation until drying-off, on production, duration of milking, and udder health of dairy cows.

METHODS: Forty cows were assigned in twin-pairs to be either milked until cups were removed at a milk flow-rate threshold of 0.35 kg/minute (Control), or until cups were removed at a milk flow-rate threshold of 0.35 kg/minute, or maximum time, whichever came first (MaxT). The maximum time was set by determining the milking time of the 70th percentile cow when ranked from fastest to slowest, irrespective of yield. The milking routine was typical of that practised on dairy farms in New Zealand, and involved no pre-milking preparation. The study began at peak lactation (68 (SD 7) days in milk; DIM) and continued for 26 weeks. Duration of milking and milk yield were measured for each milking. Composition of milk was determined from weekly herd tests, and milk quality from fortnightly somatic cell counts (SCC). Completeness of milking and teat condition were assessed during the study. The bacterial status of quarter milk samples was determined at the beginning and end of the study, and all treated cases of clinical mastitis recorded. ANOVA was used to examine the effect of treatment group on variables of interest.

RESULTS: Total milk, fat and protein yields during the study period did not differ between treatments. On average, 30.3% of the morning and 27.6% of the afternoon milkings of MaxT cows reached the maximum time at which cups were removed, and were therefore shortened. While the average milking time of the slowest-milking cow was longer for the Control compared with MaxT group in Weeks 1–18, the average milking time did not differ between treatments. There was no difference in overall SCC, and the incidence of clinical mastitis, or the percentage of infected quarters at drying-off, was similar for the MaxT and Control cows.

CONCLUSION: The results show that setting a maximum milking time can reduce the milking time of slower-milking cows in a herd without compromising overall herd production and udder health.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although the numbers of cows in the study were small there was no evidence of a major increase in SCC, or subclinical or clinical mastitis when a maximum milking time was set for slower-milking cows.     

大学生心理健康问题及其解决途径探析

本文分析了大学生心理问题的症状、产生原因,提出通过强化心理知识教育、开展阅读治疗、辅导员承担心理咨询等,解决大学生心理问题,促进大学生全面发展.     

北京市畜产品质量安全监管现状及风险分析

为考核北京市畜产品质量安全保障工作,评价动物卫生监督工作效能,评价小组按照评价标准,对北京市16个区县、63个监管场所进行了全面考核.结果显示,从体系建设、监管模式、检疫许可、综合监管4个方面来看,北京市动物卫生监督工作的效能整体良好,在保障北京市畜产品安全上发挥了重要作用,但依然存在基础设施、队伍建设、监管薄弱环节和技术体系等方面的问题.北京市动物卫生监督机构将从法律法规、管理体制、评估制度、屏障保护体系、技术支撑等方面来研究、改进、完善,以进一步提高工作质量和效能,保障北京市畜产品质量安全.     

Contribution of Health Attributes,Research Investment,and Innovation to Developments in the Blueberry Industry

Abstract

This paper examines how the United States and Canadian highbush and lowbush blueberry industries have changed over the last two decades. Production increases have been driven by a combination of changing consumer preferences for healthy foods and the development of new cultivars that have opened new production regions, expanded fresh market opportunities, and created new food products. Canada has found it advantageous and economical to invest its research effort in the development of the lowbush blueberry, exploiting its health protective properties. The Unites States has concentrated its research effort on highbush cultivars to lengthen the harvest window and promote diversification opportunities in the Southern United States. Highbush production expansion in the Pacific Northwest has relied very little on new cultivar development and improvements in yield but more on increases in cultivated area.     

黄河内蒙古段水体中POPs健康风险评价

为研究黄河内蒙古段水体中持久性有机污染物(POPs)对人体健康产生的潜在危害风险,应用健康风险评价方法,从饮水、皮肤接触和食鱼三条途径,对黄河内蒙古段水体中POPs健康风险进行了初步评价。结果表明:黄河内蒙古段水体中POPs的总致癌风险值为6.94×10-5～19.3×10-5,平均为14.9×10-5,中下游断面(5-17)的总致癌风险值高于USEPA推荐的可接受的致癌风险水平,α-HCH是致癌风险的主要因素;总非致癌风险指数值为13.6×10-4～37.1×10-4,平均为28.4×10-4,低于USEPA推荐的可接受的非致癌风险水平。不同的暴露途径对比表明,食鱼途径是水体中POPs危害人体健康的主要途径,其对人体健康总风险的贡献远大于饮水和皮肤接触。     

西藏拉萨河谷拉鲁湿地生态系统健康评价

基于湿地生态系统健康理论和压力-状态-响应模型,以拉萨河谷高寒湿地-拉鲁湿地生态系统为研究对象,构建了高寒湿地生态系统健康评价指标体系,并确定了具体的评价指标、评价标准、指标权重、评价等级和评价方法,对拉萨河谷高寒湿地生态系统健康状况进行了评价。研究结果表明:1995～2004年间拉鲁湿地生态系统健康程度处于快速下降状态,2005～2010年间拉鲁湿地生态系统健康程度呈波动趋势,生态系统处于临界健康状态,生态系统受到人为影响比较大,结构发生明显变化,系统活力减弱,人为破坏、资源不合理开发等对生态压力较大,生物多样性及生态系统结构处于不稳定状态,生态系统服务功能减弱。     

桂林市菜地土壤和蔬菜铜含量及其健康风险

在桂林地区蔬菜和菜地土壤铜含量进行大规模调查基础上,评价其污染程度,并用THQ评估经食用蔬菜摄入铜的健康风险。结果显示,桂林地区菜地土壤铜含量范围、中值、算术均值和几何均值分别为11.69～348.8mg·kg-1和27.41、34.62、29.43mg·kg-1,与桂林市土壤背景值相比,桂林市菜地土壤铜没有明显的积累;桂林地区蔬菜铜含量范围和平均值分别为0.032～3.530mg·kg-1和0.324mg·kg-1,与其他城市蔬菜铜含量相比,桂林地区蔬菜铜含量处于较低水平,通过蔬菜摄入铜的健康风险小。蔬菜对铜的富集能力以辣椒最高,因而其抗污染能力较差,白菜、包菜和萝卜对铜的富集能力最低。     

Biofortification of Trace Elements in Food Crops for Human Health

Micronutrient deficiencies have been reported in food crops worldwide. Several macro- and micronutrients are essential for human health. However, among these elements, the trace elements zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), iodine (I), selenium (Se), and cobalt (Co) are limiting in the diets of much of the world's population. According to United Nations estimates, about 1 billion people, especially woman and children, are suffering from malnutrition of trace elements, especially in Africa, Asia, and South America. Improving bioavailability of these elements in food crops is an important strategy to overcome trace-element deficiencies in food crops and improving human health. Genetic variability in micronutrient contents in the grain of crops such as rice, corn, wheat, barley, soybean, and dry bean is widely reported in the literature. Hence, use of genetic variability among crop species and genotypes within species is an important strategy to achieve biofortification of grain of staple food crops. Other practices that can be adopted to improve bioavailability of essential elements in food crops are adopting appropriate agronomic practices, such as adequate rate, effective sources, and effective methods of fertilizer application. Use of biotechnology is also feasible to biofortification of staple food crops. Planting indigenous and traditional food crop species with high nutritive value is another important strategy to improve trace elements in human food.