Characterization of NDM-1-producing carbapenemase in Acinetobacter spp. and E. coli isolates from diseased pigs

In recent years, the mobile metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) genes have been found to correspond to one of the most important resistance characters identified in Gram-negative bacteria, severely affecting clinical chemotherapy and threatening public health. The prevalence of mobile MBL genes and their flanking regions in Gram-negative bacteria from diseased pigs in China was investigated. A total of 334 lung samples from diseased pigs were screened for Gram-negative bacteria classified as non-susceptible to meropenem (MIC≥4 mg·L⁻¹). Six isolates, including three Escherichia coli, two Acinetobacter baumanii and one A. calcoaeticus, exhibited MBL production and carried the bla_NDM-1 gene. S1-PFGE and Southern blot analysis showed that the bla_NDM-1 gene was located on the chromosome of one A. baumanii isolate and on plasmids of various sizes in the other five isolates. MIC testing using broth microdilution revealed that all bla_NDM-1-carrying isolates and some of their transconjugants exhibited resistance to almost all β-lactams tested. Whole genome sequencing revealed that the flanking region of the bla_NDM-1 gene from all porcine isolates had high levels of similarity with the corresponding regions in human isolates. One porcine E. coli isolate carrying bla_NDM-1 was typed as ST48, a common sequence type in human E. coli isolates. These results suggest the possibility of human-to-food animal transfer of bla_NDM-1-producing E. coli, highlighting the need for surveillance of carbapenemase producers among bacteria from food animals. In addition, the prudent use of antimicrobial agents to decrease the opportunities for co-selection of carbapenemase genes in food animals is also urgently needed.     

Protein security and food security in China

Food security, the need to meet nutritional requirements, and four main problems for food protein security in China are analyzed. From the perspective of residents’ nutritional requirements and balanced dietary patterns, the conclusion is that food security in China is in essence dependent on protein production and security of supply and that fat and carbohydrates supply in China can reach self-sufficiency. Considering the situation of food protein production and consumption in China, policy suggestions are made, which could ensure a balanced supply and demand for food protein and food security in China.     

Effect of size reduction by freeze-milling on processing properties of beta-glucan oat bran

An effect of freeze-milling on processing properties of beta-glucan oat bran has been evaluated. A comparison with existing, patented methods of high molecular weight oat beta-glucan has been carried out. The new method employs raw material pre-treatment with freezing and milling in a hammer mill, resulting in significant reduction of particle size – 89% was between 80 and 50 μm in comparison with initial material when 79% were between 250 and 200 μm. Reduction of particle size also improved some process parameters of extraction technology – 30% improvement in fat removal during first stage of beta-glucan recovery was observed. The achieved pilot plant yield of product containing beta-glucan extraction was 64,03%, purity (ie. beta-glucan content), of achieved product was 84,4% and average molecular weight was about 69,500 g/mol.     

Comparative Efficacy of CO2 and Ozone Gases Against Ephestia cautella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvae Under Different Temperature Regimes

Comparative efficacy of three different modified atmospheres: 100% CO₂, 75% CO₂ + 25% N₂, and 22 ppm ozone were examined against larval mortality of the almond moth, Ephestia cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) at temperature regimes of 25°C and 35 ± 2°C and 60 ± 5% relative humidity, and 9:15 dark and light. Wandering young larval instars, which are fast growing, large enough in size and considered as more tolerant to modified atmosphere, were collected directly from the rearing culture, placed inside pitted date fruits of vars.: “Khudri,” “Ruziz,” and “Saqie,” were treated with aforementioned gases for 24, 48, and 72 h. The immediate and delayed larval mortality was recorded after each exposure timing. Ozone possessed the strongest fumigant toxicity causing 100% mortality with all varieties, at 25 and 35°C after 24 h exposure and was more effective than 75% CO₂ that caused 83 and 100% immediate mortality with variety ruziz at 25 and 35°C, respectively. Extending the treatments exposure time to 72 h, 100% mortality was recorded by exposing larvae to any of the studied gases at 25 and 35°C. These results suggest that gases and temperature used in this study can be effectively used to control E. cautella in dates and stored grains.     

食物安全评价及其发展的路径选择

中国传统的粮食安全理念将以谷物为主的粮食等同于食物,致使农业走上了单一结构的“粮-猪农业”歧途,这也是中国粮食观与国际粮食观的不同之处。从食物生产结构以及食物安全评价就可以反映出传统农业的弊端,一方面食物生产过分偏重于谷物和猪肉,另一方面食物安全评价仅仅局限于粮食的供给能力。分析国内外食物安全评价体系,国外注重于微观层次的、营养膳食结构的评价,而我国注重于宏观层次的、数量安全的评价。草地农业发展潜力巨大,能满足我国对于动物性食物的不断加大的消费需求,是持久高效保障食物安全的最佳路径选择。     

福建将乐林场栲类次生林健康评价研究

以福建将乐林场栲类次生林为研究对象,首先根据区域社会经济发展需求和栲类次生林特点,采用层次分析法确定其主导功能,然后构建了基于主导功能的健康评价指标体系,对栲类次生林小班健康状况进行评价。结果表明:在栲类次生林的127个小班中,处于优质、健康、亚健康、不健康、疾病状态的小班数量分别为26、32、42、16、11个,面积所占的比例分别为32.1%、21.6%、30.0%、10.5%、5.7%。其中,严格保护型经营类型的小班健康状况优于经营保护型和一般保护型。评价结果符合实际情况。为制定合理的经营措施,提高栲类次生林的健康状态提供了理论和方法依据。     

Evaluation of frozen Umbrella‐stage Artemia as first animal live food for Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) larvae

An alternative larval shrimp feeding regime, in which umbrella‐stage Artemia were constituting the first zooplankton source was evaluated in the culture of Litopenaeus vannamei. In a preliminary experiment, umbrella‐stage Artemia were fed to larvae from zoea 2 (Z2) to mysis 2 (M2) stages to identify the larval stage at which raptorial feeding starts and to determine daily feeding rates. The following experiment evaluated the performance of two feeding regimen that differed during the late zoea/early mysis stages: a control treatment with frozen Artemia nauplii (FAN), and a treatment with frozen umbrella‐stage Artemia (FUA). The ingestion rate of umbrella‐stage Artemia increased from nine umbrella per larvae day^?1 at Z2 stage to 21 umbrella per larvae day^?1 at M2. A steep increase in ingestion and dry weight from Z3 to M2 suggests a shift to a raptorial feeding mode at the M1 stage. Treatment FUA exhibited a significantly higher larval stage index (P < 0.05) during the period that zoea larvae metamorphosed to the mysis stage, and a higher final biomass, compared with treatment FAN. Based on these results and on practical considerations, a feeding regime starting with umbrella‐stage Artemia from Z2 sub‐stage can be recommended for L. vannamei larvae rearing.     

橘小实蝇蜕皮激素合成通路基因鉴定分析及饥饿对幼虫发育的影响

【目的】蜕皮激素（ecdysone）是昆虫体内一种重要的激素,参与调控昆虫的生长发育,并且能对环境胁迫进行响应。研究旨在明确橘小实蝇（Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel）蜕皮激素合成通路基因（ecdysone synthesis pathway gene）的分布和特定条件下的表达特性,为进一步开展橘小实蝇变态发育与抗逆胁迫机制的研究提供理论支持。【方法】采用RT-PCR和RACE技术克隆蜕皮激素合成通路基因BdCyp302a1、BdCyp315a1和BdCyp314a1,利用实时定量PCR（qPCR）技术检测该合成通路基因BdNvd、BdCyp306a1、BdCyp302a1、BdCyp315a1和BdCyp314a1在幼虫不同发育阶段（幼虫1-8日龄）、不同组织（前胸腺复合体、脂肪体、中肠、马氏管、表皮和气管）和饥饿条件下的表达模式,明确饥饿对幼虫发育的影响。【结果】克隆获得了3个蜕皮激素合成通路基因序列的开放阅读框,分别为BdCyp302a1（GenBank登录号：JQ027284）、BdCyp315a1（GenBank登录号：KC515377）和BdCyp314a1（GenBank登录号：JQ229645）,且上述序列均具备P450典型结构域：Helix-C/I/K、PERF基序、血红蛋白结合位点以及脯氨酸/甘氨酸富集区,其氨基酸序列较为保守。qPCR检测结果显示蜕皮激素合成通路基因BdNvd、BdCyp306a1和BdCyp314a1幼虫末龄阶段表达量显著升高,其最高表达量分别是最低点的7.33、10.89和7.82倍,但在幼虫前4 d表达量差异不显著。而BdCyp302a1和BdCyp315a1在整个幼虫阶段表达量保持相对稳定。对不同组织的研究发现,蜕皮激素合成通路基因在所选的6个组织中均有表达,其中BdNvd、BdCyp306a1和BdCyp315a1在幼虫前胸腺表达量最高,在其他组织中表达量差异不显著;BdCyp302a1在各组织中的表达量由高到低为脂肪体>前胸腺>表皮/马氏管>气管/中肠,该基因在脂肪体的表达量是中肠的30倍;BdCyp314a1在中肠、马氏管和脂肪体内的表达量依次降低,但均极显著高于其他3个组织。橘小实蝇幼虫在饥饿处理12 h后即出现化蛹现象,其化蛹比例随饥饿时间延长而上升。对蛹宽和蛹长的测量中发现,饥饿导致蛹个体显著缩小,但未影响其存活率。同时,饥饿导致蜕皮激素合成通路基因BdNvd、BdCyp302a1和BdCyp314a1表达量在饥饿处理6 h后出现显著上调,并在处理48 h后出现显著下调;但饥饿处理并未影响BdCyp315a1的表达水平。【结论】蜕皮激素合成通路基因在橘小实蝇幼虫组织的表达具有差异性,并参与介导幼虫-蛹的变态过程和对营养胁迫的响应。     

1959–2011年莱州湾渔业资源群落食物网结构的年间变化

通过对1959–-2011年莱州湾渔业资源摄食习性、营养级的分析, 构建了莱州湾生态系统简化食物网。结果表明, 莱州湾渔业资源群落食物网经历了“以鱼食性种类为主的食物网—以浮游动物食性种类为主的食物网—以浮游动物食性种类和底栖动物食性种类为主, 但浮游动物食性种类占比大于底栖动物食性种类的食物网—以浮游动物食性种类和底栖动物食性种类为主, 但底栖动物食性种类占比大于浮游动物食性种类的食物网—以底栖生物食性种类为主的食物网” 5个阶段的演变过程。中低营养阶层生物替代高营养阶层生物成为莱州湾生态系统食物网的顶级捕食者, 食物链越来越短, 食物网通过碎屑食物链传递的能量成为食物网能流的主体。在1959–-2011年期, 莱州湾渔业资源群落平均营养级从4.4下降到3.4, 平均以每10年0.19的速度下降, 高于整个渤海生态系统的下降速度; 种类组成的变化、个体小型化, 以及摄食食物种类的变化是引起莱州湾生态系统营养级波动的主要原因。

     

羊乳及其制品的脱膻技术与市场现状

近年来,随着牛奶问题的不断出现,越来越多的学者和消费者开始关注羊奶,其营养价值也被越来越多的人所认可.为了对羊奶有更深的认识,本文主要是对羊奶的营养保健优势,羊奶膻味的去除方法,羊奶各类产品及羊奶的发展前景等方面进行了阐述和探讨.