油菜机械收获配套农艺技术研究 Ⅰ 不同油菜品种机械收获损失的差异

本文系统地研究了四个油菜品种在机械收获过程中各部位损失量的差异。结果表明：四个油菜品种机械收获损失主要发生在脱粒和清选过程中,占总损失量的80%左右;抗裂角性强的油菜品种可减少自然脱落和割台的损失,但增加了脱粒过程的损失;高产品种虽然机械化收获的损失量最高,但总收获损失率却最低。     

Interannual differences in growth and hatch‐date distributions of early juvenile European anchovy in the Bay of Biscay: implications for recruitment

In order to understand better the recruitment variability in European anchovy in the Bay of Biscay, it is important to investigate the processes that affect survival during the early life stages. Anchovy juvenile growth trajectories and hatch‐date distributions were inferred over a 3‐year period based on otolith microstructure analysis. Otolith growth trajectories showed a characteristic shape depending on their hatch‐date timing. Earlier‐born juveniles had notably broader maximum increments than later born conspecifics, resulting in higher growth rates. This observation suggests that early hatching would be beneficial for larval and juvenile growth, and, therefore, survival. The estimated juvenile hatch‐date distributions were relatively narrow compared with the extended anchovy spawning season (March–August) in the Bay of Biscay and indicated that only individuals originated mainly from the summer months (June–August) survived until autumn. Hatch‐date distributions were markedly different among years and seemed to influence the interannual recruitment strength of anchovy. We conclude that years characterized by juvenile survivors originating from the peak spawning period (May and June) would lead to considerable recruitment success. Downwelling events during the peak spawning period seem to affect larval survival. Furthermore, size‐dependent overwinter mortality would be an additional process that regulates recruitment strength in the anchovy population in the Bay of Biscay.     

不同播期下水热因子对燕麦生长、产量和品质的影响

为了解不同播期下水热因子变化对燕麦生长、产量和品质的影响,以白燕2号裸燕麦品种为材料,于2018-2019年探究了5个不同播期（4月18、4月28日、5月8日、5月18日、5月28日）对燕麦生长、产量和品质的影响。结果表明：（1）随着播期的推后,燕麦生育期缩短5~14 d;播期每推迟10 d,营养生长期平均推迟5~9 d;燕麦拔节到抽穗期的降雨分配、全生育期降雨总量和苗期积温提高。（2）拔节到抽穗期的降雨量和整个生育期降雨总量增加有利于燕麦产量提高,分蘖到拔节期积温和拔节到抽穗期的降雨量与粗蛋白含量呈显著正相关,抽穗到灌浆期的降雨量与粗脂肪含量呈显著正相关,但灌浆到成熟期期间降雨不利于燕麦产量和品质的形成。（3）5月28日播种的燕麦生长表现最佳,株高、茎粗和籽粒产量分别较4月18日播种提高了21.57%、25.12%和24.91%;燕麦品质以5月18日播种表现最优,β-葡聚糖、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量分别较4月18日播种平均提高了43.11%、9.22%和14.65%。总之,我国北方燕麦主产区不同的播期主要因为各生育时期的降雨量不同而影响燕麦产量和品质,其中拔节到灌浆期间的降雨量增加有利于燕麦粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量提高,燕麦全生育期总降雨量增加有利于产量形成。     

我国部分早籼品种及杂交早籼骨干亲本抽穗期遗传分析

设置长、短日照和高、低温4种环境,分析了我国长江中下游和华南地区早籼水稻品种和杂交早籼骨干亲本共19份材料的抽穗期光温敏感性及基本营养生长性。结果表明,这19份早籼材料(包括杂交稻亲本)都表现出弱感光性,其中16份材料对温度比较敏感。这些早籼材料的基本营养生长性整体较弱,但是个体间表现出一定的差异。抽穗期长短与每个材料的基本营养生长性呈显著线性相关。利用一套抽穗期主基因近等基因系对这些早籼材料抽穗期基因型进行了分析。结果表明,所有早籼材料均带有隐性非感光位点hd2,大多数早籼材料都带有显性早熟基因Ef-1,而在Se-1和E1两个主效感光基因位点,所有早籼材料不带或只带有一个感光等位基因。这些结果从基因型角度揭示了早籼材料具有弱感光性和较强感温性,是其适合在我国华南双季稻作区和华中单双季稻作区作早稻种植的原因,为早籼水稻品种的选育及推广提供了重要依据。     

播期对陕南不同粳稻品种产量和稻米品质的影响

以楚粳38等5个粳稻品种为材料,研究了播期对不同粳稻品种产量和稻米品质的影响。结果表明,这些粳稻品种在陕南种植时,随着播期的推迟,成熟期相应推迟,产量也逐步下降;随着播期推迟,灌浆结实期日平均气温的降低,粳稻品种的垩白粒率、垩白度极显著降低,外观品质变优;不同粳稻品种之间产量、稻米品质差异显著。因此,选用优质、高产品种同时适当延迟播种,是解决陕南地区粳稻品种产量和稻米品质矛盾的有效途径。     

冬小麦播期遥感监测研究现状与展望

播期是影响小麦产量与品质的一个重要因素,冬小麦生产管理对播期的及时和准确监测有强烈需求。遥感数据源的日趋丰富及遥感定量化水平的日益提高,为大面积、低成本监测小麦播期提供了可能。本文对冬小麦播期遥感监测的研究进展进行了回顾,系统归纳了当前国内外播期遥感监测方法,分析了目前冬小麦播期遥感监测中存在的问题。推进高时空分辨率遥感数据的使用、强化多尺度传感器遥感数据融合算法的应用、开展冬小麦生长前期不同播期光谱数据的挖掘、探索冬小麦生长前期光谱与上茬作物时序遥感数据的综合及尝试遥感数据与作物模型同化方法的借鉴是冬小麦播期遥感监测的未来发展方向。     

播期和密氮组合对镇麦10号干物质积累及产量的调控效应

为确定江苏淮南麦区红皮强筋小麦高产栽培的适宜播期、种植密度和氮肥施用量,选用红皮强筋小麦新品种镇麦10号作为试验材料,在基施45%复合肥375 kg·hm^-2和尿素150 kg·hm^-2条件下,分析了播期和密氮组合对小麦群体干物质积累和产量的影响。结果表明,播期和密氮组合对镇麦10号产量及干物质积累量有极显著的影响。随着播期的延迟,镇麦10号产量先升后降,穗数和千粒重下降,穗粒数略有增加。11月5日播种较10月20日和11月20日播种分别增产2.26%和10.59%;种植密度对籽粒产量的影响因播期不同而有所差异;种植密度增加有利于提高有效穗数,但降低穗粒数和千粒重。10月20日播种时,提高种植密度不利于产量的增加,在基本苗225×10⁴ 株·hm^-2下平均产量最高,较基本苗300×10⁴ 和375×10⁴ 株·hm^-2分别增产3.52%和9.21%;11月5日和11月20日播种时,籽粒产量随着密度的提高而增加,以基本苗375×10⁴ 株·hm^-2的产量最高,较基本苗225×10⁴ 和300×104株·hm^-2分别增产6.32%、4.89%和4.58%、3.25%。增加追氮量有利于穗数、穗粒数和千粒重的增加,但过量追氮时,穗数、穗粒数和千粒重降低;追施纯氮120 kg·hm^-2可显著提高籽粒产量,追氮量过多过少均不利于产量的增加。早播、增加种植密度、增施氮肥均能促进镇麦10号干物质积累,但不利于产量的提高。在本试验条件下,镇麦10号高产最适播期为11月5日,最优密度为375×10⁴ 株·hm^-2,适宜追氮量为120 kg·hm^-2。     

Damage of potato tubers,a review

Summary Damage to potato tubers due to mechanical forces is among the most important causes of loss of quality reported throughout the world. The causes of such damage are mechanical injuries that occur primarily in association with harvesting and grading. The extent of damage is dependent on the condition of the tubers and also reflects the history of the potatoes. Although important advances have been made, there is still a considerable need for research on this subject since knowledge of the combined effects of essential physiological proceses within the cells is still lacking. The avoidance of exposure to mechanical forces constitutes the most effective protection against tuber damage.     

Effects of late planting on fiber quality and within-boll yield components as mediated by sucrose metabolism in cotton bolls

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of late planting on sucrose metabolism in cotton bolls and the relationship to fiber properties and within-boll yield components. Two cotton lines A201 and A705 were employed in a sowing date experiment where two temperature regimes during boll maturation period were created at mean daily temperature of 26.8°C, 28.3°C for early planting and 25.2°C, 23.1°C for late planting in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Boll size, seed mass per boll, seed index and fiber length were increased, and lint percentage was decreased by late planting. Greater cell wall invertase activity and the resultant hexose concentration in fibers were observed in late planting, and thus led to decreased osmotic potential accounting for the enhanced fiber length. Similarly, late planting increased the maximum of vacuolar invertase activity in ovules occurring at 5 days post anthesis (DPA) and hexose concentrations in embryos from 10 DPA afterwards which may favor embryo cell division, and thus increase final seed size. Our data indicate that acid invertase and hexose are implicated in the formation of within-boll yield components and fiber properties as affected by the lower temperature regime due to late planting.     

基于扩散理论的华北春玉米生理成熟后籽粒脱水过程分析

玉米机收籽粒可以显著提高玉米的生产效率,是玉米生产的发展方向。生理成熟后的籽粒含水率是决定机收质量的关键,受品种、密度和气候等多种因素影响。准确估算生理成熟后玉米籽粒含水率,进而分析其主要影响因素,最终确定玉米收获时间和筛选适宜机收的品种,对玉米主产区华北的春玉米籽粒机收发展具有重要意义。因此,于2017年和2018年在河北省泊头、南大港、玉田和山西榆次进行了两年田间春玉米试验,每年设置7个共性品种,每个品种3个密度,对生理成熟后籽粒含水率、品种性状、气象和管理要素进行了监测,并利用基于扩散理论考虑空气温湿度的脱水模型对籽粒含水率进行了模拟,进而计算脱水曲线下的面积(AUDDC),用以筛选脱水优异的玉米品种。结果表明,基于扩散理论的籽粒脱水模型对玉米生理成熟后籽粒含水率的模拟效果较好;年份、地点和品种对生理成熟时籽粒含水率(M_0)和水分扩散速率(k)具有显著影响,密度对脱水参数影响不显著。逐步线性回归分析得到灌浆期参考作物蒸发蒸腾量(ET_0)、最高气温和灌水量对M_0具有显著的正效应,生理成熟后30 d内ET0和灌浆中后期降雨对k具有显著的正效应,全生育期降雨对k具有显著的负效应。品种性状中对M_0影响最大的为苞叶层数(正效应),对k影响最大的为叶片数(负效应)。通过模型计算得到,生理成熟后10d华北地区春玉米籽粒含水率可以下降到28%,籽粒含水率下降到25%的概率为50%。由模型计算得到各品种生理成熟后10 d内的AUDDC,与AUDDC平均值比较发现‘京农科728’‘张1453’‘华农887’‘广德5’和‘金科玉3306’为脱水表现优异的品种。