基于物联网的生猪运动行为及猪舍环境远程监控系统

In intensive and large-scale livestock breeding, how to evaluate welfare of each individual effectively has become one hotspot of welfare breeding.In this study, a remote monitor system based on computer vision technology and wireless sensor networks was proposed.In the system, pig videos in the piggery were captured by IP cameras and transmitted remotely to PC systems for objects tracking and trajectory extraction, and the piggery environmental data such as temperature, humidity and harmful gases were collected by wireless sensor networks(WSN) nodes.Traditional Camshift tracking algorithm was improved.The average root mean square errors of traditional and improved algorithm were 78.07 and 32.29, indicating the improved algorithm reduced error and improved tracking stability.The results of the real-time monitoring of environmental parameters by WSN showed that the hydrogen and ammonia concentrations, and the ambient temperature were all kept in the normal range, while the carbon dioxide concentration was exceeded, and the air humidity was slightly high.Through data mining, precise welfare monitoring and breeding management were realized.     

鸡粪改良对铜尾矿基质中无机氮组分及3种豆科植物生长发育的影响

基质改良和耐性物种选择是重金属矿业废弃地生态修复的关键。本文通过室内盆栽试验,以4kg尾矿为植物盆栽基质,分别加入腐熟鸡粪0、8、16、32g混匀,记作MA0（CK）、MA8、MA16、MA32处理方式,研究不同比例腐熟鸡粪改良对铜尾矿基质中无机氮组分及3种豆科植物决明（Cassia tora）、田菁（Sesbania cannabina）、菽麻（Crotalaria juncea）生长发育的影响。结果表明,添加鸡粪改良处理后,3种豆科植物生长的尾矿基质中均以硝态氮为有效氮的主要形态,总无机氮含量为17.96～44.82mg·kg-1。其中菽麻MA32处理组尾矿基质中铵态氮含量（5.31mg·kg-1）最高,菽麻MA16处理组尾矿基质中硝态氮含量（43.06mg·kg-1）和总无机氮含量（44.82mg·kg-1）最高。MA16处理时,田菁和菽麻叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a＋b值均表现最大。3种豆科植物叶绿素a/b为0.92～1.08。在同一鸡粪比例处理中,菽麻叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a＋b值均显著高于决明和田菁（P〈0.05）。鸡粪改良铜尾矿基质能够促进3种豆科植物生长,植物株高、冠幅、根长均增加,并且随着生长期延长,增加明显。其中MA32处理菽麻70d株高（94.40cm）最大,阻止尾矿风蚀水蚀的效果最好。综合分析表明,MA16处理方式可作为鸡粪改良铜尾矿基质理想的比例模式,菽麻可作为铜尾矿生态修复优选植物种。     

饲料中动物源性成分显微近红外光谱检测分析

探讨了应用显微近红外光谱分析技术检测饲料中动物源性成分的可行性.利用12个动物源性成分饲料样品和14个植物源性成分饲料样品建立偏最小二乘定标模型,数学预处理方法为导数+多元散射校正,利用平均光谱来优化模型实现数据压缩,模型的决定系数、交互验证标准差分别为0.969、0.090.4个配合饲料样品作为外部验证未出现误判.结果表明显微近红外光谱分析技术可用于检测饲料中动物源性成分.     

粉煤灰和猪粪好氧混合堆肥过程中养分转化研究

以猪粪为堆肥原材料,以玉米秸秆粉为调理剂,并添加干质量分数为0、2.5％、5.0％、7.5％和10％的粉煤灰进行90 d好氧堆肥,研究不同用量粉煤灰对猪粪堆肥过程中养分转化的影响。结果表明：添加粉煤灰能提高堆体的pH值,但在后期对电导率（EC）的增加有一定的抑制;碳氮比随着堆肥时间的延长而降低,而总氮（TN）则相反;当粉煤灰质量分数达10%时,在60d后堆体TN明显降低;添加粉煤灰对NH+4-N无明显影响,而所有添加粉煤灰均会抑制堆肥中NO3-N 的生成,且与粉煤灰用量呈正相关;添加粉煤灰对总磷（TP）和总钾（TK）的影响不大,但会抑制雪里蕻根部的生长。结合发芽率试验结果可以认为,90 d的试验中所添加的粉煤灰对猪粪堆肥的腐熟没有影响。     

Nitrate leaching loss following application of organic manures to sandy soils in arable cropping.

Abstract. Experiments were set up at two sites to measure nitrogen (N) leaching loss from applications of separated pig/cattle slurry and cattle farmyard manure(FYM), during winters 1990/91–1993/94 (site A) and from broiler litter and FYM, during winters 1990/91–1992/93 (site B). The manures were applied at a target rate of 200 kg ha^-1 total N during the autumn and winter to overwinter fallow or top dressed onto winter rye. The total N in leachate was calculated from leachate N concentrations, in samples collected using ceramic cups buried at 90 cm, and an estimate of drainage volume. Nitrogen losses were greatest following manure applications in September, October and November but losses following applications in December or January were not significantly elevated above those from untreated controls. Losses were consistently lower from FYM than from broiler litter or separated slurry. The presence of a cover crop (winter rye) significantly reduced overall N leaching compared with the fallow, but only reduced the manure N leaching losses at one site during one winter when a high proportion of drainage occurred late. The incorporation of a nitrification inhibitor (DCD) with manures applied in October did not significantly reduce the manure N leaching.     

发展广西秸杆畜牧业的思路和对策

广西有丰富的秸秆资源,发展千秆畜牧业的潜力巨大,千杆畜牧业是一项可持续发展的农业生产事业。秸杆的氨化技术可以有效地提高秸杆的营养价值,发展秸杆养畜,需要有优于牲畜品种,才能提高经济效益,所以,广西发展秸杆畜牧业,需要政府重视,政策跟进,大力推广秸杆氮化技术,加快引进热带型的优良黄牛品种改良广西黄牛品种的步伐。     

Earthworm biomass response to soil management in semi-arid tropical Alfisol agroecosystems

Earthworms recorded during 1989–1993 across 15 soil management treatments, comprising three different tillagexthree organic amendments (bare, farmyard manure, and rice straw) and six perennial ley treatments, belonged to two endogeic species, Octochaetona phillotti (Michaelsen) and Lampito mauritii Kinberg, while in a nearby undisturbed natural revegetation area three species were found, including the above two and Octonochaeta rosea (Stephenson). The earthworm biomass showed significant temporal and spatial variations and was higher during the post monsoon period than in the early rainy season. No worm biomass was recorded during the dry season. In the tillage and organic amendment treatments, the biomass was drastically reduced from September 1989 to September 1991 after the application of carbofuran and some herbicides, and was significantly reduced during these two years compared to that of 1992. The maximum monthly earthworm biomass ranged between 2.5 and 17.9 g m^-2 across the treatments and increased several-fold in the nearby natural revegetation area (75.9 g m^-2). It significantly increased in perennial ley treatments compared to annual treatments with organic amendments. Thus the earthworm biomass varied significantly (P<0.01) across the 15 treatments, indicating discernible effects of soil management.Visiting Scientist (under the Rockefeller Foundation Environmental Research Fellowship in International Agriculture)     

干旱区土地利用和土壤改良及植被恢复方式对沙地养分的恢复效应

为研究干旱区土地利用、土壤改良和植被恢复方式对沙地养分的恢复效果,在乌兰布和沙漠东北缘开展试验研究。研究表明,土地利用方式和人为合理的经营活动对沙漠化土地肥力的恢复和提高有较大影响,在农业耕作制度中,其改土培肥效应以草田轮作最高,农作物套种次之,农作物单种最低;在荒漠沙地上种植农作物较果树更有利于保护土壤生态环境;在荒漠沙地上造林,应以防护林为主,不宜营造大规模杨树速生丰产林;在沙地上营造灌木薪炭林,可起到改良贫瘠沙地的功效;在沙地上种植沙打旺、草木樨和苜蓿均可有效的提高沙化土地肥力,以沙打旺效果最好,草木樨次之,苜蓿最差;在围栏封沙育草中,不同植物群落类型对沙地土壤改良效果有所不同,多植物群落优于单一植物群落。土壤氮磷比由高到低依次排序为白刺＋沙蒿＞沙蒿＋沙竹＞沙蒿＞沙竹＞小花棘豆＋沙蒿＞白刺＞小花棘豆,土壤氮磷比的高低主要取决于氮素水平。     

畜产品中氯霉素的放射免疫测定

本文将氯霉素与牛血清白蛋白连接成复合物,制得特异性强、亲和力高的兔抗氯霉素抗血清,建立氯霉素的放射免疫测定法。其最小检测量为20pg/管,可测范围为50～3200pg,回收率为95.5％±8.7％,批内和批间变异系数分别为4.1％和8.9％。样品制备简单,整个测定可在10h内完成。     

豫西旱地小麦化肥与粗肥配合施用效果研究初报

通过对豫西典型旱区定点茬子麦田的土壤含水量、肥力和小麦产量的关系以及农家肥作用的多年研究,初步看出以下几个事实:一是在自然降水相同条件下,小麦产量越高,土壤含水量基本上呈递减趋势。土壤内平均水分含量0—100cm内的要比100—200cm内为少。二是在试验处理限定范围内,施肥量越大土壤肥力越高,产量也越高。在自然降水相同条件下,施肥区平均每毫米自然降水生产的小麦要比对照提高158.8％。三是配方施肥加上增施农家肥的处理区土壤容重明显降低,有机质显著提高,比配方不施农家肥的处理区增产18.1—37.3％。综上所述我们认为:使豫西旱地茬子麦大幅度增产的突破性措施就是配方施肥加农家肥,也是豫西旱地小麦生产的第一因素。