不同酿酒酵母细胞壁对白羽肉鸡生产性能、免疫及肠道微生物的影响

为研究不同酿酒酵母细胞壁对白羽肉鸡生长性能、免疫及肠道微生物的影响,试验选用1日龄科宝肉鸡600羽,随机分为5个处理组,每个处理组6个重复,每个重复20羽.空白对照1组饲喂基础日粮,2组饲喂基础日粮+300 g/t酿酒酵母细胞壁A,3组饲喂基础日粮+250 g/t酿酒酵母细胞壁B,4组饲喂基础日粮+1000 g/t酿酒...     

伴大豆球蛋白胃蛋白酶水解肽对小鼠免疫功能及肠道内环境的影响

90只清洁级昆明系小鼠,随机分为5组,预饲基础日粮一周后,各组分别灌胃：生理盐水（对照组,CK）、伴大豆球蛋白液（Ⅰ）、伴大豆球蛋白胃蛋白酶水解液（Ⅱ）、伴大豆球蛋白胃蛋白酶水解液提纯B组分（Ⅲ）、伴大豆球蛋白盐酸水解液（Ⅳ）,除对照组外,各处理组灌胃液体总含氮量相等,实验期21d。结果显示：与对照组相比,第3周Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组每只小鼠日均采食量较对照组显著下降,分别降低8．75％（P〈0．05）和9．28％（P〈0．05）;Ⅲ组小鼠胸腺相对质量极显著下降,降低了10．40％（P〈0．01）,肠黏膜sIgA水平提高45．49％（P〈0．01）,大肠食糜中6-磷酸果糖酮糖酶（F6PPK）活性极显著提高（P〈0．01）,pH值下降了1．80％（P〈0．05）,肠球菌数显著下降（P〈0．05）。实验结果表明水解肽作为腔内信号分子可能与肠道内相关因素有着多层次调控关系,共同促进宿主的健康。     

不同纤维来源饲粮和细胞壁降解酶对猪肠道微生物菌群多样性的影响

本试验旨在利用末端限制性片段长度多态性技术研究不同纤维来源饲粮和细胞壁降解酶对猪肠道微生物菌群多样性及其组成结构的影响。试验选用8头平均体重为(35.0±2.5)kg的"杜×长×大"三元杂交生长猪,统一安装回肠末端T型瘘管,随机分为4组,每组2个重复。试验分4期,每期每组猪按4×4拉丁方设计饲喂小麦麸、小麦麸加酶、大豆皮和大豆皮加酶4种试验饲粮之一。每期预试期15 d,正试期6 d。试验结果表明:1)大豆皮饲粮组猪回肠食糜微生物的多样性显著高于小麦麸饲粮组(P0.05)。2)小麦麸饲粮组显著提高猪回肠食糜中普氏菌属(Prevotella)和乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus)的丰度(P0.05),而大豆皮饲粮组则显著提高猪回肠食糜中瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)及粪便中拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)、毛螺菌属(Lachnospira)的丰度(P0.05)。3)添加细胞壁降解酶显著提高各饲粮组猪回肠食糜中Lachnospira、真细菌属(Eubacterium)及粪便中Lachnospira的丰度(P0.05),但也同时降低了回肠食糜中Lactobacillus、Prevotella及粪便中Lactobacillus、Bacteroides和克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)的丰度(P0.05)。综上所述,纤维饲粮可显著提高猪肠道内非淀粉多糖降解菌的丰度,而细胞壁降解酶则可选择性改变肠道微生物菌群的多样性及其组成。     

Role of gastrointestinal microbiota in fish

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract of an animal consists of a very complex and dynamic microbial ecosystem that is very important from a nutritional, physiological and pathological point of view. A wide range of microbes derived from the surrounding aquatic environment, soil/sediment and feed are found to colonize in the GI tract of fish. Among the microbial groups, bacteria (aerobic, facultative anaerobic and obligate aneraobic forms) are the principal colonizers in the GI tract of fish, and in some fish, yeasts are also reported. The common bacterial colonizers in the GI tract of freshwater and marine fish include Vibrio, Aeromonas, Flavobacterium, Plesiomonas, Pseudomonas, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcus, Acinetobacter, Clostridium, Fusarium and Bacteroides, which may vary from species to species as well as environmental conditions. Besides, several unknown bacteria belonging to Mycoplasma, Arthrobacter, Brochothrix, Jeotgailbacillus, Ochrobactrum, Psychrobacter and Sejongia species in the GI tract of different fish species have now been identified successfully using culture‐independent techniques. Gnotobiotic and conventional studies indicate the involvement of GI microbiota in fish nutrition, epithelial development, immunity as well as disease outbreak. This review also highlights the need for manipulating the gut microbiota with useful beneficial microbes through probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic concepts for better fish health management.     

船舶噪声声压级对大黄鱼幼鱼游泳、摄食行为及免疫生理指标的影响

通过录制大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)产卵场附近船舶航行时的噪声,并以此为刺激源,以大黄鱼幼鱼为实验对象,研究了船舶噪声声压级对大黄鱼幼鱼游泳、摄食行为及免疫生理指标的影响。研究发现,当噪声声压级<60 dB时,幼鱼趋避游泳行为不强烈;但随着声压级增大,开始呈现出不同强度的趋避行为,依次表现出:游泳速度加快、鱼与鱼之间及鱼与桶壁之间发生碰撞、瞬间反应无序、跳跃等行为;当声压级>200 dB时,刺激2 min后就出现了死亡个体。在120 dB和150 dB短期单次和多次刺激下,幼鱼血浆中的皮质醇、血糖、血红蛋白和乳酸这4个与应激相关的生理指标均显著上升,其中皮质醇、血糖和乳酸上升幅度尤为明显。另外,皮质醇单次刺激后即达到峰值,而多次刺激后反而较单次刺激有所下降;血糖、血红蛋白和乳酸则具有累加效益,多次刺激要高于单次刺激。在120 dB长期(30 d)刺激下,幼鱼生长明显减缓,血浆中部分免疫指标(免疫球蛋白M,干扰素-α,白介素-1β和肿瘤坏死因子-α)明显降低,肠道菌群也发生显著变化,突出表现为部分益生菌如芽孢杆菌、乳杆菌等相对丰度明显降低。摄食行为影响方面,研究发现幼鱼能准确识别噪声源的位置,并具有一定的记忆性。研究结果揭示了船舶噪声对大黄鱼幼鱼的危害,可为今后制定大黄鱼产卵场的保护措施提供数据支撑。     

Effects of a highly purified fucoidan from Undaria pinnatifida on growth performance and intestine health status of gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio

A six‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of different concentrations of fucoidan (1 g/kg, 10 g/kg and 30 g/kg; w/w) from Undaria pinnatifida on gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Our results demonstrated that 30 g/kg fucoidan significantly increased (p < .05) growth performance, intestinal digestive enzyme activities, acid phosphatase activity and immunoglobulin M content. Histological examinations revealed that gibel carp receiving 30 g/kg fucoidan had significant higher abundance of mucin‐containing goblet cells in middle and distal intestine as compared with control treatment (p < .05). Intestinal microbiota analysis showed that 30 g/kg fucoidan supplementation significantly increased (p < .05) the abundance of Cetobacterium and Aeromonas, but lowered (p < .05) the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria Plesiomonas and a mucin‐degrading bacterium Mucinivorans. Furthermore, RNA‐seq and RT‐qPCR analysis indicated that 30 g/kg fucoidan caused significant changes (p < .05) in the expression of genes involved in immune regulation (such as interleukin‐8 and cyclooxygenase), signal transduction (such as phosphatidylinositol‐4,5‐bisphosphate 3‐kinase and protein kinase B) and nutrition utilization (maltase–glucoamylase and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 3). Together, the current study shows that fucoidan supplementation could elevate the activity of intestinal digestive enzymes, modulate intestinal microbial communities and potentiate a higher state of immune readiness, which might consequently improve growth performance and intestine health status of gibel carp.     

Intestinal microbiota of white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,fed diets containing Bacillus subtilis E20‐fermented soybean meal (FSBM) or an antimicrobial peptide derived from B. subtilis E20‐FSBM

The purpose of the present study is to profile the microfloral structure in the intestines of the white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, after being fed a control diet, in comparison with the diets containing Bacillus subtilis E20‐fermented soybean meal (FSBM) or an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) isolated from B. subtilis E20‐FSBM (diets designated FSBMD and AMPD, respectively) for 60 days. Metagenomic data showed detection of eight phyla, 20 classes, 40 orders, 68 families and 96 genera. Despite no statistically significant difference, an evaluation of microbial diversity recorded higher species richness, Shannon–Weaver diversity index and evenness in the AMPD and FSBMD groups, compared to the control diet group. Venn diagrams showed that 58 of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were shared among the control, FSBMD and AMPD groups, but additional beneficial microbes were only found in the FSBMD and AMPD groups. In addition to the augmentation of beneficial bacteria in the FSBMD and AMPD groups, the abundance of potential pathogens, Vibrio and Flavobacterium, was lower in the gut of shrimp fed the FSBMD and AMPD. The results clearly suggest that the FSBMD and AMPD have the capability to change the microfloral structure of shrimp intestines and could be used for disease prevention in shrimp aquaculture.     

Food sources,digestive efficiency and resource allocation in the sea cucumber Holothuria forskali (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea): Insights from pigments and fatty acids

Various research projects in Europe and North Africa have recently intended to breed temperate holothurians to alleviate fishing pressure on natural populations. However, to date little is known about the nutritional requirements of East Atlantic and Mediterranean species. In this study, we propose a “natural population”‐oriented approach to characterize food sources, digestive efficiency and resources allocation based on the composition of pigments and fatty acids (FA) in gut contents and tissues (muscles, gonads and digestive tract walls) of wild individuals of the species Holothuria (Panningothuria) forskali (Delle Chiaje, 1823) sampled in Brittany (France). Our study reveals that neither green nor red algae enter the diet of H. forskali in spring and that the only fresh vegetal material found in gut contents is brown algae (very likely diatoms). The high nutritional quality of gut contents however contrasts with the detrital nature of the ingested food sources, suggesting that a trophic upgrading of organic matter occurs before digestion. In addition, unusual FA (i.e. only present in a few groups of living species) such as long‐chain monounsaturated FA (especially the FA 23:1ω9) were found in large proportions in muscles and gonad and their effect on sea cucumber fitness needs further investigation.     

长江口青草沙水库刀鲚食性转变

采用胃内含物法并结合碳氮稳定同位素分析,探讨长江口青草沙水库刀鲚(Coilia nasus)食物组成及其食性转变。基于胃内含物数据的聚类分析表明,刀鲚食物重量百分比(W%)在小个体(<99 mm)、中等个体(100~150 mm)和大个体(>150 mm)间两两差异显著;出现率(F%)和相对重要性指数百分比(IRI%)大个体与其他 2 个体长组差异显著,后两者无显著差异;数量百分比(N%)各体长组间均无显著差异。以上 4 种指数综合显示,小个体和大个体刀鲚分别主要摄食浮游动物和虾鱼类,中等大小个体刀鲚主要摄食浮游动物(F%、N%和 IRI%占优势)和鱼类(W%占优势);碳氮双稳定同位素混合模型亦表明,虾类和鱼类对大个体刀鲚有较大的食物贡献率。刀鲚的δ15N 随体长线性增加,δ13C 与体长呈二次多项函数关系,大个体的δ15N[(15.18±0.79)‰]和营养级(TL: 3.63±0.23)显著高于中等个体的δ15N[(13.87±0.68)‰]和 TL (3.26±0.20)(P<0.01),δ13C 差异不显著(P>0.05)。胃内含物法结合稳定同位素分析表明,刀鲚在生长发育中发生了食性转变,转变前后分别以水层和底层生物为主要食物来源,推测其作为优势种对该水库底层和水层食物网的营养耦合起着重要作用。     

Formulated diet alters gut microbiota compositions in marine fish Nibea coibor and Nibea diacanthus

Nibea, an economical marine fish, is generally fed on trash fish (the low‐value fish), which can cause high feed costs and waste pollutions in high‐density aquaculture. To assess the effect of formulated diet on the gut microbiota in Nibea coibor and Nibea diacanthus, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, clone libraries analysis and Illumina sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene were used in this study. Two Nibea fishes were both dominated by Gammaproteobacteria (especially Photobacterium) and shared a set of gut microbiota, including Bacilli, Mollicutes, Alphaproteobacteria and Fusobacteriia. Statistical analyses revealed that formulated diet led to lower feed conversion ratio (p < 0.001), lower abundance of Vibrio (p = 0.040) and infectious diseases pathways (p = 0.001), higher abundance of polysaccharide‐degrading bacterium Cellvibrio (p = 0.006) in two Nibea species, with higher weight gain rate (p = 0.023) and microbial diversity (Shannon, p = 0.049 and Simpson, p = 0.044) and more carbohydrate metabolism (p = 0.020) observed in N. coibor. The distribution and correlation network of 17 potential short‐chain fatty acid producing bacteria were obtained and visualized in all treatment groups. The results reveal that formulated diet has beneficial effects on the gut microbial ecology in two Nibea fishes, which suggests the possibility of replacing trash fish diet with formulated diet in Nibea aquaculture.