青蟹呼肠孤病毒对拟穴青蟹的致病性研究

采用静水法研究不同浓度番石榴水提取物(guava leaf water-extract,GLWE)对带毒拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)的成活率及在GLWE质量浓度分别为0 (C0,对照组)、10 mg·L^–1(C10组)、20 mg·L^–1(C20组)、40 mg·L^–1(C40组)、80 mg·L^–1(C80组),用药时间分别为0 h、12 h、24 h、48 h、72 h的条件下对其血清中碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、溶菌酶(LZM)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、酚氧化酶(PO)和一氧化氮合成酶(TNOS、iNOS)活力的影响,并初步探究GLWE的适宜用药浓度范围。结果表明,实验15 d,各处理组青蟹的成活率随着GLWE浓度的增高呈先升后降的现象且与C0组差异显著(P<0.05),其中C40组的成活率最高(55.56%),C0组的成活率最低(22.22%)。用药12 h,C80组的AKP、CAT、PO、iNOS活力均显著高于C0组(P<0.05);用药24 h,C20和C40组的SOD、LZM及C40组的ACP、CAT和PO活力均显著高于C0组(P<0.05);用药48 h,C10、C20组的CAT活力及C40、C80组的TNOS和iNOS活力均显著高于C0组(P<0.05);用药72 h,各处理组的AKP活力均显著高于C0组(P<0.05),但C40、C80组的ACP和CAT活力显著低于C0组(P<0.05)。该条件下,10~40 mg·L^–1的GLWE可在48 h内显著促进拟穴青蟹血清AKP、ACP、SOD、CAT、PO、NOS、LZM活力的升高,其中以20~40 mg·L^–1GLWE的效果最优。     

利用ISSR标记分析36份番石榴种质资源的亲缘关系

采用ISSR分子标记技术对36份番石榴种质资源的亲缘关系进行分析,PCR产物经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳后,通过非加权配对算术平均法(UPGMA)进行数据分析,建立种质资源间的亲缘关系;从100条ISSR引物中筛选出9条多态性较丰富且稳定的引物,共扩增出165条带,其中多态性条带129条,多态性百分率为78.18%;扩增结果可将36份种质资源较好地区分开,各种质间遗传相似系数为0.70~0.93,平均遗传相似系数为0.815;在遗传相似系数0.75处,可将36份种质资源分成4组,与形态分类结果大致相符合。结果表明所收集的番石榴种质资源遗传基础较狭窄,但ISSR分子标记技术能较好地鉴别这些种质资源。     

不同干燥方法对番石榴果实品质及抗氧化活性的影响

为了比较热风干燥和真空冷冻干燥对不同品种番石榴果实品质及抗氧化活性的影响.采用热风干燥和真空冷冻干燥技术制备番石榴果实,以鲜果为对照,探究不同干燥方式对6种番石榴的可溶性固形物、总酸、总糖、抗坏血酸、单宁、总酚、类黄酮等含量及抗氧化活性的影响.结果 发现,与鲜果相比,干燥得到的6个品种番石榴的可溶性固形物、总糖、总酸、...     

不同修剪时期对珍珠番石榴成熟期及果实品质的影响

为调节珍珠番石榴的成熟期,提高番石榴的品质和经济效益,采用不同时期进行修剪促发新枝开花结果,结果表明:8-9月修剪,珍珠番石榴能在10-11月开花,果实能在翌年3-4月成熟;其中8月25日修剪,果实在翌年3月27日成熟,果树产量最高,品质好。     

海南番石榴园橘小实蝇种群动态与综合防治研究

2010～2012年采用甲基丁香酚灭雄和蛋白饵剂诱杀雄、雌两性成虫的方法,开展了海南番石榴园橘小实蝇 Bactrocera dordalis (Hendel) 种群动态监测与综合防治研究。结果显示,海南番石榴园6~9月橘小实蝇种群发生的2个高峰期分别在6月下旬～7月上旬、8月上旬;橘小实蝇种群密度(667m2/d诱杀橘小实蝇虫量)与番石榴果实被害率明显呈正相关;及时清园和处理虫、落果的番石榴园橘小实蝇种群发生密度比对照果园相对减少了110.72头667m2/d,二者相差约23倍;番石榴园园内与园外隔离带的橘小实蝇种群动态呈线性关系。 同时,应用诱杀技术与及时清园和处理虫、落果等农业措施相结合的方法综合防治番石榴园橘小实蝇的效果显著,在不套袋和不喷施农药的情况下3造番石榴的保果率达66.44%。     

辛酸乙酯对橘小实蝇产卵的驱避作用

为进一步明确驱避橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis产卵的挥发物成分,于室内测试橘小实蝇对被产卵不同时间的番石榴果实的产卵偏好,利用气相色谱-质谱（gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS）联用技术、气相色谱-触角电位（gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection,GC-EAD）联用技术和生物测试等方法鉴定被产卵不用时间的番石榴果实中可驱避橘小实蝇产卵的挥发物。结果表明,被产卵48 h后的番石榴果实可显著驱避橘小实蝇产卵,橘小实蝇在未被产卵和被产卵番石榴果实中的产卵量分别为238.9粒和90.7粒。被产卵48 h后的番石榴果实中产生了辛酸乙酯,该物质可引起橘小实蝇雌成虫触角发生电生理反应。0.25、0.5、1和2μL/mL的辛酸乙酯均可驱避橘小实蝇雌成虫,驱避率分别为28%、48%、48%和28%。含有辛酸乙酯浓度分别为0.25、0.5、1和2μL/g的番石榴果泥可显著驱避橘小实蝇产卵,果泥中被产卵量分别为105.7、125.5、100.8和157.9粒,显著低于对照。番石榴果...     

Prediction,structure characterization,and evolutionary analysis of Erwinia psidii putative type III effectors

Erwinia psidii is a gram-negative bacterium that threatens both guava and eucalypt plantations in several countries. Despite the economic importance of both crops, nothing is currently known about the molecular mechanisms underlying E. psidii pathogenicity and, consequently, how it evolved to infect Eucalyptus species besides its presumed native host Psidium guajava. In this study, we predicted putative type III secretion system effectors that may play important roles during plant–E. psidii interactions and conducted effector structure and phylogenetic analyses to gain important insights into their function and evolution. For that, the whole genomes of four E. psidii strains that exhibit differential aggressiveness towards eucalypt clones were sequenced and their effector repertoires predicted based on sequence identity with known effectors of the model phytopathogen Erwinia amylovora. Only proteins sharing significant sequence identity with the DspE and Eop1 effectors were found. Here, it is shown that these two E. psidii effectors retain all structural characteristics of their corresponding protein superfamilies, but exhibit allelic variations that are consistent with the observed aggressiveness differences between strains. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that whereas E. psidii housekeeping gene sequences are more closely related to those from Erwinia tracheiphila, the effector (either nucleotide or amino acid) sequences are more closely related to their Pantoea agglomerans counterparts, suggesting that dspE and eop1 were both acquired through horizontal gene transfer from the latter bacterial species. The results of this study provide important insights on E. psidii pathogenicity and set the stage for future effector functional studies.     

Susceptibility of native New Zealand Myrtaceae to the South African strain of Austropuccinia psidii: A biosecurity threat

Austropuccinia psidii, cause of myrtle rust, has spread globally where Myrtaceae occur. Multiple strains of A. psidii have been identified, including a unique strain found only in South Africa. The South African strain is a biosecurity concern for species of Myrtaceae worldwide. This is because preliminary testing of South African Myrtaceae suggests it could have a wide host range, and thus has the potential to be invasive. In this study, we assessed the ability of the South African strain to infect other species of Myrtaceae by testing the susceptibility of New Zealand provenance Myrtaceae. Seedlings of four native New Zealand Myrtaceae species (Metrosideros excelsa, Leptospermum scoparium, Kunzea robusta, and Kunzea linearis) were artificially inoculated in South Africa with a single-uredinium isolate of the South African strain. Fourteen days after inoculation, uredinia, and in many cases telia, had developed on the young leaves and stems of all four host species, which led to shoot tip dieback in the more severe cases. When comparisons were made between the species, K. robusta was the least susceptible to the South African strain of A. psidii, while L. scoparium and M. excelsa were the most susceptible. While only a limited number of seed families were tested, only a small proportion of the seedlings showed resistance to infection by the South African strain. This preliminary testing highlights the potential invasive risk the South African strain poses to global Myrtaceae communities, including New Zealand Myrtaceae.     

Management of banana leafspot (Sigatoka) disease in the Windward Islands∗

Abstract

The rugged terrain and large number of smallholdings are important factors in the control of yellow Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella musicola Mulder) in the Windward Islands. A network of reference points has been established in each island where the disease level is monitored by the simple method of Stover and Dickson (1970) and a new method that assesses early infections on the young leaves. This information is used to decide spray applications. The use of Piche evaporimeter data to forecast spray applications has been investigated and is considered useful. Several fungicides have been tested and tridemorph, biloxazol and imazalil found to give satisfactory control with a view to introducing a rotation programme to avoid the continued sole use of benzimidazole formulations and possible occurrence of tolerance.     

广东省汕头市澄海区番石榴无公害栽培技术

当前,农产品的质量安全问题已经得到社会广泛关注,事关农业生产与人民食品安全大事,已经成为新时期农业发展的重要任务与使命。只有从源头加强控制,组织农民实现规范化、标准化生产,才能真正提升产品的市场竞争力,实现农业增产、农民增收目标。番石榴作为汕头市澄海区的特色农产品,经检测本区达到无公害水果生产基地的条件,本文就澄海区番石榴无公害栽培技术进行分析与探讨。