绵羊和山羊基于两种标记的遗传分化初步研究

对湖羊、同羊及长江三角洲白山羊的随机样本分别进行14个结构基因座和7个微卫星标记的遗传检测,比较由2种遗传标记获得的群体基因平均杂合度、多态信息含量及群体有效等位基因数,分别根椐2种类型的基因频率资料,计算3个群体间的标准遗传距离并加以比较.结果表明由微卫星等位基因频率获得的群体基因平均杂合度、多态信息含量及有效等位基因数显著大于由结构基因座获得的,由结构基因座资料计算的3个群体间标准遗传距离为0.026 8～0.248 7,微卫星标记资料计算的3个群体间标准遗传距离为0.232 1～1.231 3,绵山羊群体间显著大于绵羊间.结构基因座和微卫星标记一致揭示了3群体内的遗传变异程度由大到小依次为同羊、湖羊、长江三角洲白山羊;微卫星标记较结构基因座标记更能表达近缘种间进化趋异水平;可将FCB11、MAF33、AE101、FCB128及FCB304位点作为研究绵山羊近缘种间遗传分化的标志性位点.     

日粮类型对绵羊小肠内代谢性蛋白质的影响

以成年萨福克绵羊为试验对象,分别安装瘤胃瘘管、十二指肠近端T型瘘管和回肠远端T型瘘管,饲喂由鸭茅干草和配合饲料组成的不同瘤胃内可降解有机物/瘤胃内可降解粗蛋白质(OMR/CPR)比例的日粮,研究小肠可代谢性饲料蛋白质(MP)的变化规律.结果表明随着OMR/CPR的提高,小肠内微生物氮的消化量显著降低,而过瘤胃饲料蛋白质氮显著增加;表观MP量随着OMR/CPR的增加呈先增加后减少的变化趋势,表观MP量占CP、DCP摄取量分别为42.2%～59.6%、63.6%～87.8%.     

补饲高锰酸钾对绵羊瘤胃pH和TVFA的影响

用三只装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的新疆细毛羯羊(平均体重40kg)按2×2因子方差设计试验,研究两种精料水平下补饲高锰酸钾对绵羊瘤胃pH值和总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)浓度的影响。结果表明:1 瘤胃pH值与TVFA浓度间呈强负相关,r=-0.8581(n=28,p<0.01);2 高锰酸钾降低瘤胃TVFA浓度(p<0.10),升高瘤胃pH值(p<0.05)。说明高锰酸钾对瘤胃发酵水平具有调控作用。     

蒙古绵羊早期胚胎泌尿及生殖器官的发生

E12～16d(意指胚胎发育到12～16d),在胚中轴形成期显示出原肾遗迹。E17～30d,中肾发育成长梭状,悬于背系膜两侧。E21～～30d,后肾芽由杆状变成椭圆形,在肾盂与集合管的周围被后肾组织包围。中肾管与后肾管先后通向尿囊基部。 E24d,胚长10mm,生殖腺发育成长梭状,突向体腔。胚长14mm,米勒氏管的原基呈皱襞状,发生于中肾前部两侧,并向后移位于中肾管外侧。 E21d,尿殖窦腹面开始分化出尿道沟,伸向生殖结节的顶部。E6～30d,生殖结节由丘状变成圆锥形。     

绵羊体外受精的TCM199渐变培养体系的研究

应用TCM199作卵母细胞体外成熟、体外受精及早期胚胎培养的基础培养液,再添加不同组分组成TCM199体外受精渐变培养体系,进行绵羊体外受精的研究.结果表明:TCM199体外受精渐变培养体系(试验组)与目前沿用的常规体外受精体系(对照组)相比较,虽然成熟率差异不显著(81.3%,80.4%),但能显著提高绵羊卵母细胞体外受精后的卵裂率(72.1%,50.8%)和桑囊率(94.8%,24.5%).这说明TCM199体外受精渐变培养体系能有效地克服早期胚胎发育阻断.     

豫西脂尾羊体尺与体重的相关性分析

运用SPSS软件对139只豫西脂尾羊体尺、体重的测定结果进行相关分析和通径分析,并建立最优回归方程。结果表明:豫西脂尾羊的体重(-Y)与体高(X1)、体长(X2)、胸围(X3)、胸宽(X4)、胸深(X5)、尾宽(X6)、尾长(X7)均呈极显著正相关。胸深、体高、胸宽的直接作用和间接作用对体重的影响都极大。得到最优回归方程为-Y=0.438X1+(-0.209)X2+0.554X5;经t检验,方程具有极显著的真实性和拟合度。     

Prediction of the Best Three-Breed Hybridized Combination of Imported Meat Sheep Using Genetic Polymorphism of Microsatellite DNA

The allelic frequency, the polymorphic information contents （PIC）, the number of effective alleles, the heterozygosity, and the genetic distances were studied in three imported meat sheep （Suffolk, Dorset, Texel） and their F1 crossbred obtained from those crossed with indigenous Small Tail Hun Sheep （Suffolk♂× Small Tail Hun Sheep, SH; Dorset ♂× Small Tail Han Sheep♂, DH; Texel♂× Small Tail Hart Sheep ♀, TH） using six microsatellite DNA loci. The perpormences of three-breed crossbred （Suffolk ♂× DH ♀, Suffolk ♂× TH ♀, Texel ♂× SH ♀, Texel ♂× DH ♀, Dorset ♂× TH ♀, and Dorset ♂× SH ♀ ） were tested. The results indicated that there were genetic polymorphisms at six microsatellite loci in six sheep populations. Six microsatellite loci could be used for genetic diversity evaluation in sheep populations. The order of three-breed heterosis by the analysis of genetic relationship from large to small was Texel ♂× DH ♀, Suffolk ♂× DH ♀, Suffolki ♂× TH ♀, Texel ♂× SH ♀, Dorset ♂×TH ♀, and Dorset ♂× SH ♀, which was in accordance with the testing results on actual heterosis. These results showed that prediction of the best three-breed hybridized combination among sheep breeds by microsatellite DNA polymorphism was feasible, which will have an important value on the reasonable utilization of introduced meat sheep and sheep breeding in our country in the future.     

绵羊MTNR1a基因mRNA表达量的季节性差异

本试验分别于春分、夏至、秋分和冬至4个节气,随机选择体况良好体重相近的蒙古羊8只,外科手术取下丘脑、垂体组织样品,采用RT-PCR方法对其褪黑素受体MTNR1a基因表达进行半定量分析.结果表明:绵羊MTNR1a基因表达存在明显的季节性节律,下丘脑MTNR1a基因表达量在夏至时最低,秋分时最高,春冬季节相近;垂体MTNR1a基因表达量在秋分时最低,夏至时最高,春冬季节也相近.     

绵羊BMPR-IB基因在分子标记育种中的应用效果

[目的]分析小尾寒羊、德国美利奴、德国美利奴(♂)和小尾寒羊(♀)杂交一代(简称DF1)共204 只个体的单核苷酸多态性及其与产羔数间的关系.[方法]以绵羊BMPR-IB 基因作为候选基因,采用PCR-sscp 检测方法.[结果]B等位基因在小尾寒羊、德国美利奴、德寒杂交一代中的频率分别为0.660、0.532和0.600,基因频率及基因型频率在3个群体间的分布差异不显著(P>0.05).BB、B+、++型的产羔数分别为2.86、2.27和2.08,BB 型显著高于B+ 和++ 型(P>0.05),B+ 型显著高于++ 型(P>0.05).[结论]在以小尾寒羊为母本的杂交育种过程中,B等位基因是有效的辅助标记基因.     

Valuing Potential Benefits of Research into the Biological Control of Californian Thistle （Cirsium arvense）： A Bioeconomic Model

The present research developed a bioeconomic model for control of Californian thistle （Cirsium arvense L. Scop.） in intensive, lowland sheep pastures in New Zealand. Production costs included two control methods： herbicides and defoliation, with defoliation encompassing both physical means and biocontrol measures. The model was used to examine the economic value of a research programme into biological control of the weed, given several different future scenarios. These scenarios were high herbicide prices, a price premium for lamb raised without chemical herbicides, and development of herbicide resistance. The model results were used to estimate national impacts. If the only change in the agricultural sector was the cost of the biocontrol to the nation＇s farmers, the research programme to find an effective biocontrol agent had little economic impact. If other factors changed, such as the price of petroleum or levels of herbicide resistance in the weed. the model＇s results suggested that intensive sheep farming could grow or shrink by as much as NZ$219 million dollars over five years. In the latter case, having an alternative control method reduced potential losses and increased potential gains, resulting in a net benefit of between NZ$81 million and NZ$153 million. This work extended prior research in several ways. First. Californian thistle reproduces via root buds, which affected the modelling of weed behaviour. Secondly, the model allowed optimistation over continuous levels of weed control for two different methods. Thirdly, the model accounted for both weed control and damage to nitrogen-fixing clover from herbicide use. Finally, the research investigated optimal weed control in several different alternative future states.