温度和降水对云南玉溪水稻生产的影响

为了解水稻不同生长阶段气温和降水因子对水稻生产的影响,利用玉溪市红塔区农业气象观测站1980—2011年水稻生长期、产量及其构成因素的观测资料,分析了水稻各生长阶段天数、产量及其构成因素与同期气温和降水量的关系。结果表明：除孕穗—抽穗期,降水量与水稻其他各生长阶段天数呈显著正相关,以分蘖—孕穗期（r=0.6362,P>0.01）和移栽—分蘖期（r=0.4247,P>0.05）受降水限制最大。移栽—分蘖期平均气温、最高气温和最低气温,以及分蘖—孕穗期和乳熟—成熟期日较差与相应阶段天数呈显著负相关。穗粒数是影响水稻产量的主要构成因素,其与孕穗—乳熟期气温呈正相关。结实率与乳熟—成熟期最高气温和温差呈显著负相关,与最低气温和降水量呈显著正相关。千粒重与孕穗—成熟期气温呈负相关。水稻产量与移栽—分蘖期最高气温和日较差呈显著负相关,与降水量呈显著正相关,且丰年这3个因子与平年和歉年也有较大差异。结果说明,移栽—孕穗期水稻生产主要受降水的限制,孕穗—成熟期则主要受气温的影响,较高的气温促进穗粒数的增加,较大的温差促进物质的积累,对提高水稻产量较为有利。     

采用区域生长法分割根系CT图像的改进算法

提出了一种基于阈值分析和区域生长相结合的用于植物根系CT序列图像分割的算法。首先通过直方图分析,初步确定根系区域的分割阈值,再利用经过改进的区域生长法分割得到目标区域。实验结果表明,该分割算法计算量小,分割精度高,在提取目标的同时,能够有效地分离介质(背景)像素;而且对于背景复杂、噪声较大、目标像素灰度不均匀的CT图像也能取得较好的分割效果。     

采收期对圆黄梨果实贮藏品质和采后生理的影响

不同采收期圆黄梨果实在常温（20±1）℃和冷藏（0±0.5）℃条件下的试验结果表明：圆黄梨有一定程度的呼吸跃变,乙烯释放量较小;在盛花期后128～142 d内,采收越早,贮藏期间果心褐变程度越轻,乙醇含量越低,但SSC含量相对偏低,果实风味稍差;盛花期后135 d采收的果实贮藏期间能保持较高的硬度和TA含量,风味良好,果柄新鲜程度较高。北京地区贮藏圆黄梨果实最佳采收期为盛花期后135 d。     

集雨限灌对旱作马铃薯产量及水分利用效率的影响

在大田条件下研究了集雨有限补偿灌溉对旱区马铃薯产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,补灌能显著提高旱作马铃薯的产量、水分利用效率和经济系数。与对照相比,补灌处理产量增幅在3.99%~21.21%之间,苗期补灌产量高于薯块膨大期补灌,苗期补灌45 mm具有超补偿效应,补灌90 mm具有高补偿效应。低定额补灌有利于水分利用效率和灌水利用效率的提高,且苗期补灌高于薯块膨大期补灌。补灌明显降低了薯块小薯率而提高了大薯率和中薯率,另外单株薯重也提高了,单株薯重与大薯率对马铃薯的产量贡献最大。综合分析认为苗期补灌45 mm和90 mm是最优补灌方案和备选方案。     

灌溉施氮和种植密度对棉花叶面积指数与产量的影响

为构建便于实际应用的棉花叶面积指数和产量模型,综合考虑灌溉、施肥、种植密度及覆膜的影响,建立了基于相对有效积温的普适棉花相对叶面积指数的Logistic模型,并研究了棉花最大叶面积指数与全生育期灌水量、施氮量、种植密度及产量之间的关系。结果表明：覆膜棉花叶面积指数最大时的有效积温为1400℃左右,不覆膜棉花的叶面积指数最大时的有效积温为1600℃左右。棉花最大叶面积指数随耗水量、施氮量呈现出先增后减的变化趋势,而种植密度与最大叶面积指数之间表现出明显的正相关性。综合考虑灌水量、施氮量和种植密度的作用可以较为准确描述最大叶面积指数变化特征。棉花产量随着最大叶面积指数的变化呈现出明显的先增后减的变化趋势,当最大叶面积指数为4.93时籽棉产量最大达6066.2kg/hm2。相对化分析结果表明,覆膜与不覆膜棉花相对叶面积指数的变化趋势基本一致,相应的模型参数也基本相同,从而建立了全国范围内覆膜与不覆膜棉花统一的相对叶面积指数的Logistic模型。该研究为棉花科学种植和精细化管理提供了方法,也为其他作物在不同管理措施和地域时进行建模提供了参考。     

Weed competition in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) in the Jordan Valley

A field experiment was carried out in 1996/1997 and repeated in 1997/1998 at the Jordan University Research Station located in the central Jordan Valley to determine the effect of weed competition on growth and yield of cauliflower Brassica oleracea var. botrytis cv. “White Cloud”. The treatments consisted of either allowing weeds to infest the crop or maintaining plots weed-free for increasing durations after transplanting. Results showed that longer periods of weed/cauliflower competition greatly reduced crop growth and head yield. Average reductions in shoot dry weight and head yield were 81% and 89%, respectively. Maintaining a weed-free crop for any period after transplanting increased cauliflower growth and head yield compared with the weed-infested control. Weed competition for 14 days after transplanting reduced cauliflower average head yield by 41%. To determine the critical period of weed competition and the influence of weed infestation on cauliflower head yield the Gompertz and logistic equations were fitted to data representing increasing duration of weed-free and weed-infested periods, respectively. Based upon an arbitrary 5% level of head yield loss, the critical period of weed competition occurred at 0–38 days after cauliflower transplanting which corresponded with the rapid increase in weed biomass. Results indicated that early weed removal is necessary to prevent yield loss.     

Effect of set-size and storage temperature on bolting,bulbing and seed yield in two onion cultivars

The effects of three set-sizes (12.5, 17.5 and 22.5 mm in diameter) and seven storage temperatures (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 °C) on bolting, bulbing and seed yield in two onion (Allium cepa L.) cultivars ‘Hygro’ and ‘Delta’ were investigated. The incidence of bolting increased linearly with set-size and curvi-linearly with decreasing storage temperature. Time to inflorescence emergence and floret opening showed a curvi-linear response to storage temperature with the earliest inflorescence emergence and floret opening occurring at 5 °C and the latest at 30 °C for ‘Hygro’ and at 25 °C for ‘Delta’. Seed yield per umbel also showed a curvi-linear response to storage temperature with the lowest seed yield occurring at 30 °C for ‘Hygro’ and at 25 °C for ‘Delta’ and the highest seed yield at 5 °C. For a seed crop, storage of large sets (22.5 mm) of these cultivars at 5 °C for 120 days appeared to be optimum with 5–12% higher seed yield per umbel than that of 90 days storage. Bulb yield showed a curvi-linear response to storage temperature with the highest bulb yield occurring at 25 °C and the lowest at 5 °C.     

草类在生态果园建设中的作用

从生态学角度综述了草类在生态果园建设中的作用,并总结其在果园土壤、果园微域环境、果树生长的影响等方面国内外近年来研究的新进展。结果表明：果园生草可有效改善果树生态环境,调节地温,提高土壤肥力和蓄水保墒能力;同时有利于增加害虫天敌数量,减轻病虫害和生理病害的发生,减少果园农药的使用量。     

Reproductive biology of the commercial sea cucumber <Emphasis Type="Italic">Holothuria spinifera</Emphasis> (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from Tuticorin,Tamil Nadu,India

The annual reproductive cycle of the commercial sea cucumber Holothuria spinifera was studied in Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India, from September 2000 to October 2001, by macroscopic and microscopic examination of gonad tubule, gonad index and histology of gametogenic stages, to determine the spawning pattern. The gonad consists of long tubules with uniform development. It does not confirm the progressive tubule recruitment model described for other holothurians. The maximum percentage of mature animals, gonad and fecundity indices, tubule length and diameter, with the observations on gonad histology, ascertained that H. spinifera had the peak gametogenic activity during September and October 2001 followed by a prolonged spawning period from November 2000–March 2001.     

吉林省半干旱区45年气候变化及基于Hybrid-Maize的玉米品种熟期选择

本研究分析吉林省西部半干旱地区1971~2015年气候要素变化特征,用Hybrid-Maize模型估算该区域品种熟期(GDD)不同玉米品种的产量潜力。结果表明,该区域近45年温度、降水和日照时数年均变化与玉米生长季变化趋势类似,但生长季变幅与年均值变幅差异较大,且生长季时间序列上突变点明显不同,温度和降水具有滞后性,日照时数具有超前性,其中,生长季温度增幅高于全年温度增幅,但突变时间滞后10年;长期年均降水波动性大,而生长季降水较全年呈现明显上升趋势,且2010年以来生长季均为较湿润阶段。生长季日照时数减少比年均减少趋势慢,为其下降速率的40%。以4月30日为适播期,种植密度60 000株/hm~2时,乾安、洮南、前郭推荐熟期相对较长品种(GDD=1656-1672),扶余、镇赉推荐熟期相对较短品种(GDD为1606和1500)。洮南、扶余、前郭玉米R/V值接近1.0,乾安和镇赉R/V超过1.15,利于获得较高产量。