The green walk—An analysis for evaluating the accessibility of urban green spaces

The importance of urban green spaces in providing ecosystem services to the population is increasingly being recognised by scientists, policy makers and the general public. Across cities, urban planners are seeking to reconcile the location of urban green spaces and accessibility of the public. The main aim of our paper is to assess the accessibility of urban green spaces and to identify perceived benefits along the travel route to urban green spaces, starting from a selected case study in Romania. We started from a spatial analysis of a service area for an urban park in Bucharest (Tineretului). With the help of network analyst in ArcGis Pro we established the boundaries of the service area (using urban park boundaries, street network, traffic restrictions) and applied two methods of travel to the park (walking and cycling). We applied a survey to 202 respondents, collecting information on the routes and methods of reaching the park, as well as the perceived benefits and disservices of selecting the preferred method and route. The main results revealed different patterns delimited by a number of criteria: age (elder population preferred public transport and shaded routes), income (people with higher incomes selected travelling by car and accessing elements with parking facilities), group structure (people with children selected routes perceived as safe). This type of analyses can represent useful instruments for urban planners in developing and managing urban green spaces in close relation with neighbouring spaces and facilities.     

Impact of urban park’s tree,grass and waterbody on microclimate in hot summer days: A case study of Olympic Park in Beijing,China

Urban heat island (UHI) often cause negative impact and has been linked to heart stroke rate, morality, human comfort, energy consumption and air pollution. Fortunately, urban green spaces have been considered as an effective element to mitigate UHI through their cooling effect. However, further empirical research is necessary in order to efficiently guide the design and planning of urban green space. We observed the impacts of urban park's tree, grass and waterbody on microclimate inside the Olympic park of Beijing during summer days. The results indicated that, on average, the park was 0.48–1.12 °C cooler during the day, as well as increased air humidity 2.39–3.74% and reduced human comfort index 1.02–2.43 to generate more comfortable thermal environment. Urban park's cluster trees with short ground vegetation generated higher cooling effect than single trees, grass and waterbodies; proper irrigation regime enhanced the cooling effect of grasses, even the irrigated grass have similar cooling effect with small waterbody on sunny, windless summer days. Therefore, we advise to increase undergrowth coverage and grass irrigation management in order to take advantage of cooling effect of urban parks.     

半球面影像技术估测三种园林树种的绿量

利用半球面影像技术获取高山榕、小叶榕、蒲桃3种园林树种的LAI值,结合各个体树冠投影面积(S)和冠高(H),计算并比较3个绿量测算指标(LAI、LAI×S和LAI×S×H).结果表明:LAI是绿量基本的测度单位,而LAI×S能够较合理地反映3种园林树种种间或种内的绿量差异,可以作为一个绿量的评估指标,以此估计3种园林树种的绿量为小叶榕＞高山榕＞蒲桃.LAI×S×H由于参数较多,容易造成误差,且其数据过于密集,不适宜用于绿量分析.随着半球面影像技术等无损性光学测量技术的发展,最终应用LAI估算绿色植物的绿量会是最可靠的方法.     

沙对高尔夫果岭坪床物理特性的影响

对28种沙与泥炭按75∶25混配而成的高尔夫果岭坪床材料的物理特性进行了评价。不同类型沙的粒径、均一性和形状有所不同。高尔夫果岭坪床的物理特性主要取决于所使用的沙的特性。对沙 泥炭混配的坪床来说,其导水率在95~827 mm/h范围内变化,总孔隙度变化范围为38.8%~47.2%,而通气孔隙度(在-3 kPa水势下)为0.9%~24.6%,毛管孔隙度(在-3 kPa水势下)为17.7%~42.1%。结果表明,排水速率和通气孔隙度与毛管孔隙度的平衡主要受沙的粒径大小的影响,起决定作用的是粒径最大和最小的沙所占的比例,而容重、总孔隙度和抗剪切强度取决于沙的均一性。当沙粒较圆且较为光滑时,坪床材料孔隙度趋向减少。沙表面越粗糙,坪床抗剪切能力就越强,而沙对坪床硬度的作用不显著。     

Unipodal stance influences radiographic evaluation of foot balance in horses

Lifting the contralateral forelimb (unipodal stance) is often used as a method of restraint in horses. This experimental one group pretest, posttest study was conducted to evaluate the effects of unipodal stance on quantitative radiographic parameters in equine forefeet. Seven nonlame horses were randomly selected. Lateromedial (LM) and dorsopalmar (DP) projections were acquired for both forefeet, squarely placed on blocks, using two X‐ray generators. Radiographs of each foot were acquired first in a bipodal stance, immediately followed by the same radiographic projections obtained in a unipodal stance. The following measurements were recorded for each stance: distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) space width on both projections; mediolateral joint balance as the difference between lateral and medial DIPJ space widths on DP projections; extensor process‐to‐middle phalangeal condyle distance; and deep digital flexor tendon angle on LM projections. A matched pairs design and Student's t‐test with a 95% confidence level were used to test for statistical significance. Compared to a bipodal stance, lateral DIPJ space width was significantly reduced on unipodal DP views, whereas mediolateral joint imbalance and to a lesser extent medial DIPJ space width were significantly increased. On unipodal LM views, there was a significant higher degree of DIPJ flexion. These findings suggest that stance should be carefully taken into consideration when measuring radiographic parameters in equine forefeet, especially if assessing foot balance and conformation, as unipodal stance significantly affects the mediolateral balance of the DIPJ on DP radiographs and significantly alters the phalangeal axis on LM radiographs.     

补饲青绿饲料对不同性别肉仔鸡皮肤色泽的影响

研究了在饲喂全价配合日粮基础上补饲青绿饲料对不同性别肉仔鸡全身不同部位皮肤色泽的影响。各组自由采食玉米-豆粕型基础日粮,分别于第1、15、29天开始补饲青绿饲料,比较分析42日龄时的全身各部位皮肤的色泽(L、a、b值)。结果表明,不同性别肉仔鸡各部位皮肤色泽间存在一定的差异性;补饲青绿饲料对肉仔鸡皮肤色泽的影响效应,以黄度最强和亮度最弱;补饲青绿饲料的时间越早,对肉仔鸡皮肤色泽的影响越明显;补饲青绿饲料对母肉仔鸡皮肤色泽的影响比对公肉仔鸡更显著。     

不同形态磷肥对棉花生长和AM真菌接种效应的影响

通过两室根箱栽培棉花新陆早13号实验,研究了磷酸二氢钾、植酸钠(Na-phytate)2种磷源形态对AM真菌Glomus mosseae接种效应的影响及棉花生长的影响。结果表明:在不施磷肥的条件下,接种Glomus mosseae真菌时,棉花的生长势没有显著差异,棉株地上部磷含量显著高于没有接种Glomus mosseae真菌的处理。施磷酸二氢钾时,接种Glomus mosseae真菌对棉花生长势起到显著的促进作用,棉株地上部磷含量也显著提高;施用植酸钠时,接种Glomus mosseae真菌对棉花生长势与棉珠地上部磷含量都没有显著影响。对Glomus mosseae真菌接种处理而言,不同形态磷素处理,植物室土壤有效磷的含量大小顺序为磷酸二氢钾>植酸钠>对照。磷素形态对Glomusmosseae真菌的侵染率没有显著影响。不施磷肥Glomus mosseae真菌的侵染率要显著高于施用磷酸二氢钾、植酸钠磷肥的处理,这说明,Glomus mosseae真菌在土壤磷较低时有利于侵染棉花根系。     

人工接种CGMMV的增殖及其对西瓜 光合作用的影响

为明确西瓜感染黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒CGMMV后病毒的增殖过程及其对光合作用的影响,本研究以辽宁省田间主栽西瓜品种‘京欣’为试材,测定了人工接种CGMMV后,西瓜植株体内病毒含量、光合色素、光合作用相关指标以及参与光合作用的关键酶活性的变化,结果显示:接种3d后,即可检测到病毒,24d植株内病毒含量达最高;叶绿素a、叶绿素b及类胡萝卜素的含量均有所降低,叶绿素a在9d后均低于健康对照,而叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素在15d后明显低于健康对照,第18天时,健康对照的叶绿素b含量达接种处理的1.33倍;ALA脱水酶活性除第15天与对照无显著差异外,整个测定期间均低于健康对照,21d时健康对照的ALA脱水酶的活性达29.9U/h,为接种处理的2.18倍;PEP羧化酶的活性显著低于健康对照,测定期间接种处理的PEP羧化酶活性变化不大;乙醇酸氧化酶活性明显升高,测定期间其活性均显著高于健康对照;西瓜叶片的光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均远小于健康对照,而细胞间隙CO_2浓度却比对照高,本研究为揭示西瓜感染CGMMV后的光合作用变化规律奠定了基础。     

绿肥和施氮对旱作冬小麦农田土壤酶活性的影响

基于田间定位试验研究了种植绿肥和施氮对旱作冬小麦农田土壤酶活性的影响。试验采用绿肥和氮肥双因素完全设计方案,其中绿肥作物在夏季休闲期种植,包括长武怀豆、苏丹草、怀豆+苏丹草混播和裸地休闲（对照）4种处理;氮肥于冬小麦播前施入,包括0、60、120 kg·hm^-2共3个水平;观测指标包括土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶、纤维二糖水解酶、乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶、亮氨酸氨基肽酶活性。结果表明,与对照相比,休闲期种植怀豆、苏丹草、怀豆+苏丹草混播均显著提高了以上4种土壤总体酶活性,0～10 cm和10～20 cm土层增幅分别达12.9%～59.3%和6.19%～48.8%。土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶和纤维二糖水解酶活性在不同绿肥处理间无显著差异,而种植怀豆较种植苏丹草和混播显著提高了乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶和亮氨酸氨基肽酶活性。施氮肥对土壤酶活性具有显著促进作用,且4种土壤酶活性均随着施氮水平提高而增加。氮肥与绿肥对纤维素二糖水解酶活性具有交互影响。黄土高原旱作种植系统休闲期间可以考虑通过种植绿肥作物尤其是豆科绿肥来提高肥力。     

鞘翅目昆虫诱捕器野外应用技术探讨

鞘翅目昆虫是我国最常见的农林业有害生物,给农林生产造成了巨大损失。基于昆虫趋光性、趋色性和趋化性所研发的昆虫诱捕器作为一种绿色防控手段,目前已广泛应用于农林虫害的监测、预防和控制中,成为了害虫综合防控体系的重要组成部分。明确害虫诱捕装置的设计原理及各因子对诱捕效率的影响是有效实施虫害绿色生物防控的前提,本文陈述了国内外害虫诱捕器的应用进展及设计原理,进而探讨不同因子（如形状、颜色、材质、引诱剂和高度等）对鞘翅目害虫野外诱捕装置诱捕效果的影响,旨在为提高装置诱捕效果提供借鉴和参考,加快新型诱捕技术的研究及应用进程。