Degradation of the urban ecosystem function due to soil sealing: involvement in the heat island phenomenon and hydrologic cycle in the Tokyo metropolitan area

ABSTRACT

We reviewed the role of the soil function of urban green space in mitigating the heat island phenomenon and urban flood damage, which are important issues in the modern urban environment. Urban sprawl has progressed remarkably in the southern part of the Kanto District of Japan, especially since the 1960s. The grassland/bare land area ratio in the center of Tokyo was more than 70% in the 1930s but less than 40% in 1990. On the other hand, the paving area ratio was ~2% in the 1930s but more than 10 times that amount in 1990. Thus, cities, such as Tokyo, in the southern part of the Kanto District have been significantly sealed soil throughout time, and the heat island phenomenon has intensified. Urban green space helps to mitigate the heat island phenomenon based on the water retention and heat dissipation function of plants and unsealed soil. A cool island effect was reported during summer days in urban green spaces in Tokyo. The mitigation of the heat island effect seems to be large, even when conditions, such as the park area, land use, afforestation area ratio, and soil type, differ. Soil sealing and compaction affect urban flooding by hindering the penetration of rainwater and increasing surface runoff. According to a survey in the hilly basin (1 km²) of the western part of Tokyo, the proportion of farm- and forestland decreased due to development. The urban area increased from ~10% in the 1970s to ~60% in the 1980s. As a result, the flood arrival time shortened. Green spaces have a high rainwater permeability. The forest soil structure and presence of O horizons further increase the permeability. By promoting permeability to the underground, it is possible to reduce and delay the water runoff on the land surface. To develop urban green space as green infrastructure, it is necessary to accumulate more information on the current situation and agenda for the future of urban green space.     

高粱绿肥种植密度对设施黄瓜根系生长相关因子的影响

以设施黄瓜为研究对象,在黄瓜定植前40 d分别播撒240、120、60 kg/hm~2不同密度高粱种子,并于黄瓜定植前将高粱植株作为绿肥翻入土壤,研究其对黄瓜结果期生长指标、根际土壤养分含量以及细菌群落结构变化的影响,探讨其影响黄瓜生长指标、根际养分含量和菌群结构变化的内在机制。试验结果表明:240 kg/hm~2种植密度的高梁绿肥可显著提高黄瓜根际土壤有机质质量比31.66%、碱解氮质量比8.75%、速效磷质量比13.89%、速效钾质量比16.86%、脲酶活性6.85%,显著提高结果期黄瓜茎粗12.83%、根系数15.81%、根总体积24.11%、叶片总面积11.43%、单株结瓜数10.97%、总产量9.81%;240 kg/hm~2种植密度的高粱绿肥可明显提高黄瓜根际土壤中变形菌门、放线菌门、厚壁菌门比例而降低酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门、拟杆菌门比例,明显提高鞘脂单胞菌科、黄色单胞菌科、红螺菌科、中华杆菌科、生丝微菌科比例而降低Gp6科、Gp16科、Gp4科比例。该处理主要通过降低根际土壤绿弯菌门和提高鞘脂单胞菌科、中华杆菌科比例而提高脲酶活性,通过提高厚壁菌门、黄色单胞菌科、红螺菌科和降低根际土壤酸杆菌门比例而促进碱解氮质量比、速效磷质量比、茎粗、叶片总面积、根系数、根总体积的提高,最终促进黄瓜生长并提高产量。     

城市植物种类构成的特征分析——以厦门市为例

以厦门市为例,利用大量调查数据,探讨城市植物种类结构的特征及植物多样性的潜在问题.结果显示,厦门市植物种类丰富,种类构成的特征明显.在调查记录到的467种植物中,国家级珍稀濒危物种只有6种.植物种的频度分布符合Logistic函数(R~20.99),其中1个科、1个属和25个种高于多样性管理的10/20/30准则.低频物种占总种数的81.5%,热带分布植物属占草本的72.4%及木本的72.3%.绿地野生草本植物经常遭受人为破坏,但依然占总种数的37.5%.绿地建设中应进一步重视低频及稀有物种的保护和物种构成的协调,通过有效的政策措施减少野生草本植物的人为破坏是提高城市生物多样性的有效途径.     

西南旱地油菜间作紫云英和秸秆覆盖的生产效应

我国西南地区旱地的农田生态环境脆弱, 绿肥应用匮乏, 季节性干旱是限制油菜生产的关键因素。本研究在西南地区旱地引入冬季绿肥作物紫云英与油菜间作, 并结合秸秆覆盖, 探讨其对油菜光合特征、农艺性状、生物量、根系形态、油菜品质及产量的影响。结果表明, 间作紫云英和秸秆覆盖改善了油菜的根颈粗、叶片数、有效分枝数和单株角果数等农艺性状, 提高了油菜根系总根长、总根体积、总根表面积和平均根系直径等根系形态及蕾薹期和开花期的根、茎、叶生物量; 还提高了油菜苗期光合作用强度, 间作和秸秆覆盖处理的水分利用效率比油菜单作分别提高了31.12%和39.89%; 但对油菜品质的影响较小。间作、秸秆覆盖和秸秆覆盖下间作的油菜群体产量分别比单作提高10.30%、13.20%和40.16%。在西南地区旱地, 间作紫云英是提高油菜产量的可行途径, 而且结合秸秆覆盖的生产效益更明显。     

典型城市公园重庆市垫江县南阳公园绿地土壤调查

城市绿地土壤是一类特殊的土壤,人为影响较大,也是植物生长的基础,为提高重庆市垫江县土壤利用和管理水平,调查了重庆市垫江县南阳公园绿地土壤,系统分析、评估公园绿地土壤质量状况。结果表明:调查区域大部分土壤为强碱性土壤,有机质含量总体较低,氮、磷含量整体偏低,钾含量尚可。绿地土壤质量整体偏低,容易对植物生长造成阻碍。后期施用肥料比较容易提供养分含量,建议合理施用氮磷钾肥,偏施氮肥和磷肥,同时结合施用有机肥料。     

CPB-LAR-GFP表达载体的构建及其在紫花苜蓿愈伤组织中的表达

以无色花青素还原酶编码基因LAR为靶序列,构建携带绿色荧光蛋白GFP和抗除草剂bar基因的双标记选择植物表达载体,通过农杆菌介导法对紫花苜蓿进行遗传转化,经PCR检测和PPT筛选出抗性愈伤组织,转基因紫花苜蓿愈伤组织的缩合单宁含量比对照高30.8%。试验证明重组基因已转化至紫花苜蓿愈伤组织中并发挥生理功能,为研究缩合单宁合成与代谢的分子调控机制和培育具有抗除草剂和抗臌胀病的牧草新品种奠定基础。     

嘉峪关城市公园绿地的空间分布与服务范围分析

采用综合评价法对嘉峪关市的公园绿地进行评价,以遥感影像为基础,分析公园绿地面积变化和空间位置变化;利用缓冲区的方法分析公园绿地空间配置的合理性。结果表明:(1)自2004~2014年,城市公园绿地发展势头良好,2014年提升至"优"水平,政府公共财政投入的加大对城市公园绿地建设有巨大的推动作用;(2)地处内陆干旱地区的嘉峪关市十分重视公园绿地的建设,公园绿地作为公共服务用地的主要组成部分,在城市公共服务用地中所占比重始终保持在50%;(3)公园绿地在空间位置上呈现依居住区沿街道分布的特点,但部分公园绿地存在服务范围重叠,未能使城市公园绿地资源的服务功能最大化,在未来的城市建设中需考虑到公园绿地的服务范围,使其空间分布更加合理。     

Factors affecting the virulence of Ralstonia solanacearum and its colonization on tobacco roots

Tobacco bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a serious disease affecting tobacco cultivation in southwest China. The response surface methodology was employed to evaluate the optimal conditions of tobacco bacterial wilt, and green fluorescent protein gene (gfp) labelling was applied to monitor the location and survival dynamics of R. solanacearum (Rs::gfp) on tobacco roots and in soil under these optimal conditions. The results showed that the highest wilt incidence was 91.13%, which occurred when the population reached 6.6 × 10⁶ CFU/g soil, the temperature was 30.55 °C, and the humidity was >81.42%. The Rs::gfp densely colonized the root tips and root hairs, and cells of Rs::gfp were observed intermittently in the elongation zone or at the point of the emerging lateral roots. The Rs::gfp number in the rhizosphere soil was 10.75‐, 73.13‐ and 74.86‐times higher than that in the bulk soil at 10, 15 and 20 days after transplantation, respectively. Increased colonization by Rs::gfp was related to the population of the pathogen, the environmental temperature and the humidity in the soil. These three conditions determined whether R. solanacearum would induce tobacco wilt. This is the first study to investigate factors affecting the virulence of a tobacco wilt bacterial pathogen, which is important for conducting field diagnosis and biocontrol of tobacco bacterial wilt.     

茎基腐亚洲镰孢菌侵染抗感小麦品种的组织病理学观察

小麦茎基腐是由多种镰孢菌侵染的世界性土传病害,亚洲镰孢菌(Fusarium asiaticum)是我国冬小麦主产区茎基腐镰孢菌的优势种群,对小麦生产造成巨大损失。本研究利用绿色荧光蛋白报告基因标记亚洲镰孢菌,研究其侵染抗感小麦的病理组织学过程,建立了茎基腐病菌与寄主互作的直观性的研究体系,对病害防治及抗病育种具有重要意义。基于PEG-CaCl_2介导原生质体转化法将gfp导入亚洲镰孢菌株CF0915,对转化子进行荧光表达、PCR验证、遗传稳定性、生长特性及致病力分析,选取与野生型表现相近的转化子进行侵染分析。结果表明,绿色荧光蛋白基因(gfp)与潮霉素基因(hyg)PCR扩增表明gfp已整合入真菌基因组中,转化子菌丝与分生孢子表现强烈绿色荧光信号,gfp能够在转化子中稳定遗传,菌落形态、生长速度及致病力与野生型菌株无显著差异;将gfp标记病菌分生孢子接种感病品种1 d后,大量孢子附着于根毛及根表皮细胞开始萌发,接种2 d后观察到抗性品种分生孢子萌发;感病品种接种3 d后,菌丝直接侵入表皮细胞或沿表皮细胞间层定殖生长,扩展至皮层组织,8 d后菌丝从根部迅速扩展至茎基部,至第10 d大量菌丝充塞根皮层细胞,叶鞘维管束也被菌丝侵染,并产生大量大型分生孢子,植株表现褐色病斑,14 d后根部及茎维管束被大量菌丝体填充,而后产生大量厚垣孢子,至25 d大部分感病品种幼苗萎蔫死亡;与感病品种相比,抗性品种在整个侵染过程中表现时间滞后。本研究对引起茎基腐病的亚洲镰孢菌侵染小麦的组织学过程观察,为病菌致病机理的阐释及抗病资源的利用提供了重要理论依据。     

基于超高效液相色谱-高分辨质谱快速筛查绿茶中12种植物生长调节剂的方法研究

建立了超高效液相色谱-高分辨质谱（ultra performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry,UPLC-HRMS）快速筛查绿茶中2,4-滴、对氯苯氧乙酸、吲哚丁酸、氯吡脲和吲哚乙酸等12种植物生长调节剂的方法。采用CAPCELL PKA-C18色谱柱（100 mm×2.1 mm,2 μm）,正离子模式下以体积分数为5%的甲醇水溶液（含有5 mmol/L乙酸铵和体积分数为0.1%甲酸）为流动相;负离子模式下以体积分数为5%甲醇水为流动相,梯度洗脱。在全扫描采集模式下,基于化合物的保留时间、准分子离子峰的精确质量数、碎片离子的精确质量数和同位素分布匹配指数,对目标物进行筛查分析。结果表明:12种植物生长调节剂在绿茶中的报告限（RL）为0.01 mg/kg;在0.01、0.1和0.5 mg/kg 3个添加水平下,其回收率在61%~130%之间,相对标准偏差在1.8%~17%之间。该方法简便快捷,可用于绿茶中常用植物生长调节剂的筛查。