放牧干扰对林地及林木生长影响分析与评价

连续3a采用定位观测和临时调查的方法对因放牧所引起的地表物理变化、水土流失、幼林遭受伤害程度等方面进行了较为系统的研究,结果表明:牧期牛在牧场中对林地地表的土壤物理性状的影响有一个渐变过程,并呈累积值,当土壤密度达到1 3g·cm-3时呈相对衡定状态。牧场中水土流失与放牧强度呈正比,最大差值试验区与对照区的比可达29 7倍。通过对本溪、丹东两市混牧林的抽样调查表明:牛对幼树的伤害途径主要为践踏和耍角,但通过分析也证明,当落叶松幼林平均高度为2 0m时可进行适度放牧,但伤害指数不能高于50。当落叶松幼树平均高度在2 0m以下及坡度大于30°时应划为禁牧区,人工林平均高3m以下不应作"卧牛场"。     

Influence of sheep grazing on soil chemical properties and growth of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) in Malaysia

In a rubber estate in Kelantan, Malaysia, sheep grazing increased N, P, Ca and Mg levels and soil pH. Foliar N, P, Ca, Mg and Na also increased with grazing, but K decreased. The girth of rubber trees under grazing had a higher increment than in the ungrazed areas.     

Cattle and sheep in eucalypt plantations: a silvopastoral alternative in Minas Gerais,Brazil

This study analyses the effects of cattle and sheep grazing in newly established eucalypt plantations. The research was carried out using six separate treatment plots each having a different combination and number of animals. The results indicate that the silvopastoral approach can help control grass competition and reduce stand establishment costs. The eucalypt survival and growth was not affected by the animal grazing.     

Plant-soil-water relations in forestry and silvopastoral systems in Oregon

Plant-soil-water relations of a silvopastoral system composed of a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) timber crop, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) as a nitrogen-fixing forage, and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) as a forage crop were investigated near Corvallis, Oregon, during 1983–1986. Treatments included all possible combinations of two tree-planting patterns (trees planted 2.4 m apart in a grid, and groups of five trees spaced 7.6 m between clusters) and two grazing/understory management systems (agroforests were seeded to subclover and grazed by sheep; forests were unseeded and ungrazed).Mean twig xylem water potential (XWP) for Douglas-fir trees ranged from –0.3 to –1.5 MPa on forest plots and from –0.3 to –1.2 MPa on agroforest sites. Pre-dawn and sunset XWP were more negative for forest than for agroforest plots during dry summer periods. Midday XWP was similar for both agroforest and forest plots on all dates. Soil water content at 50–100 cm depth was greater under agroforest plots as compared to forest plots in 1984, but not in 1985 (unusually dry spring). Average foliage nitrogen content of tree needles was 1.54% vs. 1.43% for agroforests vs. forests, respectively.Our data are consistent with the hypotheses that: (1) grazing of understory vegetation may reduce water stress of trees during dry periods by reducing transpirational water use by the forage plants; and (2) nitrogen-fixing vegetation combined with grazing increases nitrogen uptake of associated trees. However, neither mean foliar N nor average XWP differences experienced by trees in agroforest versus forest plantations were sufficient to have an effect on tree growth. Our data demonstrate that it is possible to produce a second crop (i.e. forage grazed by sheep) in timber plantations without reducing the growth of the main tree crop.Submitted as Oregon Agrocultural Experiment Station Technical Paper No. 10109.     

Effects of widely spaced trees and livestock grazing on understory environments in tropical savannas

The effects of widely spaced trees ofAcacia tortilis andAdansonia digitata on their understory environments were investigated in four savannas located along a gradient of increasing livestock utilization in Tsavo National Park (West), Kenya. Plant species composition and biomass and the physical and chemical properties of soils that occur below tree crowns were compared to open grasslands. The tree-crown zones at lightly and moderately grazed sites had a unique understory flora and higher plant biomass, lower temperatures and bulk densities, and higher levels of P, K, Ca and mineralizable N than their associated opengrassland zones. In the heavily grazed savanna, few differences between tree-crown and grassland zones were found. The beneficial effects of savanna trees on their understory environments appear to diminish with increasing livestock utilization.     

呼伦贝尔草原不同利用方式对土壤微生物群落结构的影响

土壤微生物是土壤生态环境变化的敏感因子,其群落组成及结构易受到人为干扰的影响。本研究通过比较内蒙古呼伦贝尔草地在围封、割草、连续放牧、休牧等不同利用方式下土壤微生物群落组成及结构的差异,结合土壤理化性状的变化阐明影响土壤微生物群落的主要因素,探索有利于土壤微生态环境的草地利用方式。结果显示：生长季节休牧处理的土壤微生物磷脂脂肪酸总量均高于其他利用方式,随着休牧时间的推后,土壤微生物数量呈升高趋势;连续放牧处理下土壤中的革兰氏阳性菌/革兰氏阴性菌比值最大,表明连续放牧降低土壤底物的养分供给能力,影响微生物生长;土壤理化性质与微生物的冗余分析表明,土壤pH值及电导率是影响土壤微生物群落结构的主要因子,高电导率且偏碱性土壤更有利于土壤微生物生存。因此,土壤盐碱度和pH值可作为呼伦贝尔草原土壤微生物群落结构及功能的关键预测指标。     

Dry matter intake and milk production of grazing dairy cows supplemented with corn silage or a total mixed ration offered ad libitum in a subtropical area

This study aimed to evaluate the feeding choice, dry matter (DM) intake, and milk production of dairy cows that strip grazed on a mixed perennial species pasture receiving different supplementation strategies. The treatments were without supplementation (WS) or with supplementation of either corn silage (CS) or a total mixed ration (TMR) based on CS and concentrates, in a subtropical area. The supplements were provided ad libitum after the afternoon milking. Twelve Holstein × Jersey cows in mid-lactation (133 ± 43 days in milk) were divided into six groups (two cows/group) and distributed in accordance with a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design, with three 21 day periods (15 adaptation days and 6 evaluation days). The total DM intake, milk production, milk fat, and milk protein production were greater in the TMR treatment than in the WS and CS treatments and were similar between the WS and CS treatments. The herbage DM intake and proportion of time spent grazing were greater in the CS treatment than in the TMR treatment. CS supplementation did not affect the total DM intake or milk production/cow, whereas TMR supplementation greatly improved the total DM intake and milk production of the dairy cows grazing on mixed perennial species.     

中国牧草育种工作研究进展

在综述中国牧草育种工作进展的同时,分析了牧草育种工作中存在的问题,主要包括育成的牧草品种少,良种推广和覆盖面积较小以及牧草育种理论基础薄弱等,并针对性地提出应从改进牧草育种的方法和途径、培育具有地方特色的独特牧草品种、加强种质资源的保护与利用、加快良种向现实生产力的转化以及通过各部门协作攻关等方面解决这些问题。     

Evaluation of a lucerne germplasm collection in relation to traits conferring grazing tolerance

Summary A collection of 90 accessions of different germplasm groups from the Medicago sativa complex was evaluated at Lodi, Italy, for dry-matter yield, time to anthesis, height of regrowth, plant diameter, stem density, vegetative recovery after winter, and presence of deep-set crown and ability to spread with creeping roots or rhizomes, these latter characters possibly contributing to grazing tolerance. The germplasm groups proved rather distinct for these traits, but all included types potentially suitable for grazing. Interesting types combining deep-set crown and high yield occurred mainly in subsp. x varia and materials originated from artificial crosses involving at various extent the subspecies falcata, sativa and x varia. Though belonging to subsp. sativa, mielga wild populations from Spain had aerial traits similar to those of the long-dormant, low-yielding subsp. falcata. Deep-crowned plants had greater plant diameter than shallow-crowned plants, and could be categorised into four distinct top-growth models according to their habit and vigour. One of these models combined spreading ability with high yield. The about 150 plants selected for their combination of deep crown, wide diameter, and good yield were characterised by a branch-rooted system. There was general correspondence between top-growth and root morphology of each model. Of the four deep-crowned models, three had rhizomes, with wide range of underground development and morphology, while the fourth had creeping roots. The latter model was the most rare among the examined accessions, never appearing in either cultivated or wild subsp. sativa. The implications of the results on the development of grazing-tolerant lucerne varieties are discussed.