高山草原绵羊放牧生态及消化代谢系列研究Ⅲ。放牧绵羊食入牧草消化率动态及其限制性因素分析

采用羊粪液代替瘤胃液的牧草干物质二级离体消化率和绵羊食道瘗管方法研究高山草原放牧绵羊采食牧草干物质消化率季节动态,结果表明,在草地牧草生长的7月、8月、10月和1月,绵羊食入牧草(DM)消化率分别为61.00±1.96%,58.84±1.93%,51,40±0.84%和40.58±1.13%;同时应用灰色关联度分析方法对放牧绵羊食入牧草消化率限制因素综合分析认为:湿度、CP、NFE是影响消化率的主要因素。     

中国草地资源经营的历史发展与当前任务

回顾近40年中国草地资源经营发展历程,分析了存在问题及其原因,提出了当前任务:1.要明确工作总则,围绕生态与小康两大目标,思考与部署草地资源经营工作;确立草地生态置换理论与对策;组建草原生态建设与草原牧业发展综合治理工程.2.要做好退牧还草工程,主要是把握实质做出实效;做好统筹规划、加强综合治理;因地制宜,做好实施方案;提高科技含量,做好基础工作,特别是治理区水、草、林、土资源本底重估与优化配置,草牧产业发展要点,以及牧民定居点建设工作.     

Modelling the concentrations of nitrogen and water-soluble carbohydrates in grass herbage ingested by cattle under strip-grazing management

There is scope of increasing the nitrogen (N) efficiency of grazing cattle through manipulation of the energy and N concentrations in the herbage ingested. Because of asymmetric grazing by cattle between individual plant parts, it has not yet been established how this translates into the concentrations of N and water‐soluble carbohydrates (WSC) in the herbage ingested. A model is described with the objective of assessing the efficacy of individual tools in grassland management in manipulating the WSC and N concentrations of the herbage ingested by cattle under strip‐grazing management throughout the growing season. The model was calibrated and independently evaluated for early (April), mid‐ (June, regrowth phase) and late (September) parts of the growing season. There was a high correlation between predicted and observed WSC concentrations in the ingested herbage (R² = 0·78, P < 0·001). The correlation between predicted and observed neutral‐detergent fibre (NDF) concentrations in the ingested herbage was lower (R² = 0·49, P < 0·05) with a small absolute bias. Differences in the N concentration between laminae and sheaths, and between clean patches and fouled patches, were adequately simulated and it was concluded that the model could be used to assess the efficacy of grassland management tools for manipulating the WSC and N concentrations in the ingested herbage. Model application showed that reduced rates of application of N fertilizer and longer rotation lengths were effective tools for manipulating herbage quality in early and mid‐season. During the later part of the growing season, the large proportion of area affected by dung and urine reduced the effect of application rate of N fertilizer on herbage quality. In contrast, relative differences between high‐sugar and low‐sugar cultivars of perennial ryegrass were largest during this period. This suggests that high‐sugar cultivars may be an important tool in increasing N efficiency by cattle when risks of N losses to water bodies are largest. The model output showed that defoliation height affects the chemical composition of the ingested herbage of both the current and the subsequent grazing period.     

放牧水牛牧食量与胃肠道消化代谢的关系

本实验选用江苏省东台县种畜场9头成年母海仔水牛,于1984年5月至9月在草滩牧场进行了春、秋两期实验。秋季放牧期瘤胃内乙酸/丙酸(A/P)比值和pH值均显著高于春季放牧期;TVFA浓度和可消化干物质采食量也稍高于春季,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。放牧水牛瘤胃中TVFA变化较平稳,与采食量关系不甚明显。春季放牧期采食量和食糜排出速率均显著低于秋季;而表观消化率则显著高于秋季。春季放牧期采食量(Y),表观消化率(X_2)和食糜排出速率(X_1)三项指标两两之间均呈正相关,复回归方程为:Y=-10.48+0.2216X_1+0.1615X_2(r=0.70,P<0.05);秋季放牧期采食量与食糜排出速率呈正相关,但分别与消化率呈负相关,三者的复回归方程为:Y=-4.66+0.5239X_1+0.4662X_2(r=0.88,P<0.01)。本实验中放牧水牛的采食行为虽然受到选择性牧食、草生状态和放牧距离等外界因素的影响,但牧食量受食糜排出率和表观消化率的共同调节。     

食道瘘管法在放牧家畜采食习性研究中的运用

本文介绍了目前广泛运用于草地放牧研究中的食道瘘管法的发展、食道瘘管手术及护理、食道瘘管样的制取、食道瘘管样品用于放牧家畜采食的营养成分、植物成分、采食量和消化率方面的测定，以及与其它常用的方法——放牧前后样方测定法、扣笼与未扣笼双样方法和模拟家畜采食采摘法对放牧家畜采食的营养成分、植物成分、采食量和消化率测定的比较，认为代表放牧家畜真实采食日粮的食道疹管样在以上各项指标的测定中都优于其它测定方法所得到的样品，更能代表放牧家畜的实际采食习性。     

人工草地绵羊放牧系统优化生产模式研究：Ⅱ系统优化设计及评价

本文以不同水平人工草地绵羊放牧系统的监测分析资料为基础，针对原系统中存在的问题，提出了系统优化方案。     

高寒地区草地放牧演替与害鼠密度关系的研究

在定性划分放牧演替的基础上，应用Ｗｈｉｔｔａｋｅｒ的生境梯度分析法，进行了演替阶段的定量校正，根据校正后演替序列的基本数据，应用关联分析分别对害鼠密度与植物群落各特性以及主要植物优势度的相关关系进行了探讨。分析结果表明，植物群落种多样性的早熟禾优势度在各自的关联分析中对害鼠（高原鼠兔）密度的关联度分别是０．８２３和０．８８６。由此，从群落角度说，物种多样性大小是调控害鼠度的主要因子，从植物种类角度     

人工草地杂草生态学研究Ⅰ杂草入侵与放牧强度之间的关系

本文分析了白三叶草十多年生黑麦草混播人工草地上杂草入侵与放牧强度之间的关系，得出如下初步结论：１）杂草入侵的种数主要决定于放牧强度；２）α物种多样性随放牧加重而有增－减－增的趋势；３）入侵的主要杂草种为点腺过路黄等８个种；４）所论人工草地都处在恢复演替的先锋阶段，因而草地退化的进程还是能予以遏制的。     

科尔沁牛春季的牧食行为

2002年春季在内蒙古科左后旗的天然草场上,采用跟群放牧全日观察法,定量研究了自然放牧状态下成年科尔沁牛牧食行为。结果表明,科尔沁牛的平均采食时间为511.36±222.07min,反刍时间为66.38±14.60min,卧息时间为46.50±42.97min,站立时间为10.75±7.98min,游走时间为58.10±20.13min。平均采食速度为62.00±13.04口/分,平均采食量为10.38千克/头·天。对苔草草甸进行的受控放牧试验表明,主要牧草的选择性采食顺序为香茅>蒲公英>马蔺>芦苇>苔草。     

放牧家畜甲烷气体排放量测定方法研究进展

反刍家畜瘤胃甲烷气体的排放是一种能量损失,同时对大气环境具有较强的增温效应。对放牧家畜甲烷气体排放的研究可以为确定天然草原温室气体的源与汇和制订减缓策略提供重要的理论依据。就有关放牧家畜甲烷气体的测定方法研究作了综述。