多桩型复合地基试验研究

将碎石桩与CFG桩组成的多桩型复合地基用于沿海软土地基的处理,探讨了其加固机理。通过多桩型复合地基载荷试验,测定了不同桩型及桩间土上的应力,分析了这种新型复合地基的桩土应力比的变化规律,为设计提供了可靠依据。实践表明,将碎石桩与CFG桩2种方法联合处理软土地基,可最大限度地发挥这2种方法的优点,使复合地基的承载力得到大幅度的提高。     

含砾石土壤坡面流速及产流产沙过程研究

 在模拟降雨条件下对5种土壤(砾石质量分数分别为0、10%、20%、30%、40%)的坡面流速及产流产沙过程进行研究,以期深入了解含砾石土壤的水土流失过程。结果表明:含砾石土壤的坡面流速和径流量大于不含砾石的土壤;在降雨初期0～10min内,含砾石土壤的产沙量随时间呈显著增加趋势,峰值出现在10 min左右,随后产沙量逐渐降低;降雨后期30～60min内,含砾石土壤的产沙量又呈增加趋势,尤其是砾石含量为30%和40%的土壤产沙量显著增加,且随时间有一定波动。试验中,5种土壤的总产沙量与砾石含量正相关,径流含沙率与产沙量则呈显著线性正相关。     

天然沉积砂卵石粒度分布的分形结构研究

根据分形几何学理论 ,研究了我国黄河及陕西省的黑河、石头河、冯家山古河道河床天然沉积砂卵石的粒度成分特征 ,发现在双对数坐标下粒度含量与粒径之间呈直线关系 ,表明粒度分布具有分形结构。根据直线的斜率 ,可求得相应的分维 (D=2 .5 5～ 2 .87) ,并讨论了分维与粗粒土级配的关系 ,提出可以以分维代替不均匀系数和曲率系数作为表征粗粒土级配的指标。     

紫色土丘陵区坡耕地坡面侵蚀响应特征研究

采用人工模拟降雨法,分析了紫色土丘陵区坡耕地坡面侵蚀过程地表石砾化、土层厚度变化及影响因素,利用建立的流失土层厚度计算方程对重庆地区不同土地利用类型流失土层厚度进行了分析。研究表明:(1)在降雨前、3次降雨后、6次降雨后,小区地表石砾覆盖度分别为1.5%,2.4%和12.2%,地表石砾覆盖度与累积产沙量正相关,在相同产沙量条件下,后期降雨侵蚀产沙造成的石砾化程度更为显著;(2)在模拟降雨前期,随着降雨量增大坡面流失土层厚度增加很快,4场降雨后降雨量增大导致的流失土层厚度增长率减少;不同地形因子组合下,累积雨量与流失土层厚度间存在较好的线性关系;(3)重庆地区无措施裸露坡耕地年均流失土层厚度为4.479 mm,大于年均成土厚度,作物覆盖顺坡耕地、作物覆盖横坡耕地、植物篱坡耕地、作物覆盖水平梯地、林地和荒草地年均流失土层厚度分别为1.931,0.728,0.533,0.041,0.001,0.079 mm,均小于年均成土厚度;重庆地区流失土层厚度大小为:渝东南地区>渝中部区>渝东北区>主城区>渝西地区,研究可为重庆市水土保持分区防治提供理论指导。     

不同碎石种类对土壤入渗的影响

【目的】研究碎石种类对土壤入渗过程的影响,为土石混合介质中水分运动的研究提供理论参考。【方法】选取内蒙古锡林郭勒旗马家塔露天煤矿复垦区及陕西神木六道沟碎石流域,利用盘式吸渗仪,通过设置3种负压(-1.47,-0.3和0kPa),分析不同负压条件下,砾石、料浆石、煤矸石3种土石混合介质的入渗过程。【结果】不同负压条件下,含碎石土壤的初始入渗速率均在负压为-1.47kPa时最大,且随负压的增加初始入渗速率降低;同一负压条件下,稳定入渗率随砾石含量的增加而减小;而随料浆石和煤矸石含量的增加,稳定入渗率呈先减小后增大的变化趋势,分别在料浆石含量为200g/kg及煤矸石含量为600g/kg时达到最小。【结论】碎石对增加入渗、减小产流具有积极作用,其作用因负压及碎石种类的不同而存在差异。     

砾石覆盖层截留降雨的模拟实验研究

砾石覆盖技术可减少土壤水分蒸发,在世界的一些干旱半干旱地区得到了不同程度的应用。但在降雨时,雨水通过覆盖层进入土壤的过程中,覆盖层也会截留一定的降雨量。此文通过模拟降雨实验,表明：在降雨强度、降雨历时和铺设方式等相同的条件下,烘干砾石的吸水量随着降雨历时的延长而增大,并逐渐达到饱和吸水量;烘干砾石达到吸水饱和所需的降雨历时随着砾石平均等效粒径的减小而缩短;随着砾石平均等效粒径的增加,覆盖层砾石颗粒间的滞留水量逐渐减少;饱和砾石覆盖层的截留水量也逐渐减小,用指数衰减拟合模型进行拟合,具有高度的显著性。     

砂砾类园林铺装材料的应用

在调查的基础上,对砂砾类园林铺装材料的使用情况进行研究,并对其使用方法进行分类,总结在其使用过程中应注意的问题。       

Long-term effects of gravel―sand mulch on soil organic carbon and nitrogen in the Loess Plateau of northwestern China

Gravel–sand mulch has been used for centuries to conserve water in the Loess Plateau of northwestern China. In this study, we assessed the influence of long-term(1996–2012) gravel–sand mulching of cultivated soils on total organic carbon(TOC), light fraction organic carbon(LFOC), microbial biomass carbon(MBC), total organic nitrogen(TON), particulate organic carbon(POC), mineral-associated organic carbon(MOC), permanganate-oxidizable carbon(KMn O4-C), and non-KMn O4-C at 0–60 cm depths. Mulching durations were 7, 11 and 16 years, with a non-mulched control. Compared to the control, there was no significant and consistently positive effect of the mulch on TOC, POC, MOC, KMn O4-C and non-KMn O4-C before 11 years of mulching, and these organic C fractions generally decreased significantly by 16 years. LFOC, TON and MBC to at a 0–20 cm depth increased with increasing mulching duration until 11 years, and then these fractions decreased significantly between 11 and 16 years, reaching values comparable to or lower than those in the control. KMn O4-C was most strongly correlated with the labile soil C fractions. Our findings suggest that although gravel–sand mulch may conserve soil moisture, it may also lead to long-term decreases in labile soil organic C fractions and total organic N in the study area. The addition of manure or composted manure would be a good choice to reverse the soil deterioration that occurs after 11 years by increasing the inputs of organic matter.     

Analysis on Deformation Characteristics of CFG Piles-Gravel Cushion Composite Foundation of the Deep Embedded Secret Passage

In order to investigate the issue in the field of the application of CFG pile application of CFG pile composite foundation technology in deep embedded secret passage of such special structure ground treatment, the settlement deformation of CFG pile composite foundation according to deep are studied and detailed analysis are given in the field test and indoor model test of the gravel cushion with different thickness. Moreover it points out that the cushion compressive deformation must be taken into account, and that the settlement deformation calculation cannot simply consider the amendments of composite foundation. The amendments of cushion deformation must be considered. The effect of the different thickness of cushion on pile-soil stress ratio, total settlement of composite foundation, cushion compression and axial stress of pile body were analysed by using ABAQUS finite element method. Through the analysis of the field test, indoor model test and the numerical simulation of CFG piles-gravel cushion composite foundation of the deep embedded secret passage, a settlement deformation monitoring method has been described and the selection principle of the cushion has determined so as to provide the cushion design basis in the process of composite foundation design.     

砂石地基质栽培番茄日光温室CO_2浓度的变化规律研究

以越冬茬番茄为试验作物,研究了番茄砂石地基质栽培日光温室内CO2浓度在不同生育进程中的变化规律.结果表明:生育前期,室内CO2浓度日变化呈不规则的"U"型,生育后期,为不规则的"W"型.不同季节通风对室内CO2浓度的影响不同.在温度较高的生育前期,通风前温室CO2浓度高于大气浓度,通风降低了温室CO2浓度;在温度较低的生育后期,通风前温室CO2浓度低于大气浓度,通风可提高室内CO2浓度.但为了保持温室温度,生育后期通风时间应较短,风口也应较小,室内CO2浓度一直处于较低水平,不能满足作物光合作用的需要.番茄苗期以外各生育阶段的CO2浓度均低于800μL/L,且每天低于外界大气CO2浓度的时间达6.0～8.3h.因此,砂石地日光温室番茄基质栽培需要进行CO2施肥.