北京市五环内道路绿地土壤细菌群落结构特征

土壤细菌的群落结构特征能够准确反映当前土壤生态系统稳定性,为城市道路绿地的管理提供重要参考依据。以北京市五环内道路绿地为研究对象,选取34个样点进行土壤细菌高通量测序,探究北京市五环内道路绿地土壤细菌的群落组成、多样性和丰富度,并采用冗余分析(RDA)法分析土壤环境因子对细菌群落结构的影响。结果表明,北京市五环内道路绿地土壤细菌群落多样性和丰富度存在显著差异,且由市中心向外呈递减趋势;门分类水平下优势菌门包括变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)4类菌门,占土壤细菌总比的78%左右;属分类水平下主要由RB41、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、H16等优势属组成;属分类水平下细菌的群落结构组成较门分类水平呈现出更为明显的分异;RDA分析结果共解释了50.26%的变异,土壤含水量、全N、有机质和有效P与土壤细菌群落结构组成存在显著相关性。总体来看,北京市五环内道路绿地土壤养分状况处于中等偏下水平,可通过改善道路绿地的管理措施提升土壤质量,进而优化土壤细菌群落结构,提高土壤生态系统的稳定性。     

Fungal growth on a common wood substrate across a tropical elevation gradient: Temperature sensitivity, community composition, and potential for above-ground decomposition

Fungal breakdown of plant material rich in lignin and cellulose (i.e. lignocellulose) is of central importance to terrestrial carbon (C) cycling due to the abundance of lignocellulose above and below-ground. Fungal growth on lignocellulose is particularly influential in tropical forests, as woody debris and plant litter contain between 50% and 75% lignocellulose by weight, and can account for 20% of the C stored in these ecosystems. In this study, we evaluated factors affecting fungal growth on a common wood substrate along a wet tropical elevation gradient in the Peruvian Andes. We had three objectives: 1) to determine the temperature sensitivity of fungal growth - i.e. Q₁₀, the factor by which fungal biomass increases given a 10 °C temperature increase; 2) to assess the potential for above-ground fungal colonization and growth on lignocellulose in a wet tropical forest; and 3) to characterize the community composition of fungal wood decomposers across the elevation gradient. We found that fungal growth had a Q₁₀ of 3.93 (95% CI of 2.76-5.61), indicating that fungal biomass accumulation on the wood substrate nearly quadrupled with a 10 °C increase in temperature. The Q₁₀ for fungal growth on wood at our site is higher than Q₁₀ values reported for litter decomposition in other tropical forests. Moreover, we found that above-ground fungal growth on the wood substrate ranged between 37% and 50% of that measured in the soil, suggesting above-ground breakdown of lignocellulose represents an unexplored component of the C cycle in wet tropical forests. Fungal community composition also changed significantly along the elevation gradient, and Ascomycota were the dominant wood decomposers at all elevations. Fungal richness did not change significantly with elevation, directly contrasting with diversity patterns observed for plant and animal taxa across this gradient. Significant variation in fungal community composition across the gradient suggests that the characteristics of fungal decomposer communities are, directly or indirectly, influenced by temperature.     

山区生态保护对当地社区居民生计影响的研究进展及展望

山区生态保护和农村扶贫是发展中国家重要的政策,山区生态保护对当地社区居民生计的影响是乡村地理学和生态保护学关注的焦点。基于国内外相关文献,本研究从生态保护对当地社区居民生计资本的影响、生态保护对当地社区居民生计策略的影响和生态保护对当地社区居民生计结果的影响等方面对国内外生态保护对社区居民生计的影响进行系统归纳总结。依据目前研究和实践现状,提出生态补偿对社区居民可持续生计的影响过程与机制是未来需要关注的重点问题,应深入探索生态保护区社区居民可持续生计的研究,强化新技术方法在社区居民可持续生计研究中的运用。     

二甲基二硫熏蒸对保护地连作土壤微生物群落的影响

随着保护地高附加值经济作物的连年栽培, 土传病害问题愈发突出, 熏蒸剂也因此得以更广泛的应用。但鉴于熏蒸剂的广谱性, 在杀死有害生物的同时, 不可避免地对非靶标生物产生一定的影响。为明确溴甲烷替代药剂二甲基二硫(dimethyl disulfide, 简称DMDS)熏蒸对土壤微生物群落的影响, 本研究在室内条件下采用BIOLOG 方法, 测定不同浓度DMDS 熏蒸对保护地连作土壤微生物群落的影响。研究结果表明: 不同浓度DMDS(170.00 mg·kg^-1、85.20 mg·kg^-1、42.50 mg·kg^-1、21.30 mg·kg^-1 和10.62 mg·kg^-1)熏蒸处理对镰孢菌属(Fusarium spp.)和疫霉菌属(Phytophthora spp.)的LC₅₀(抑制中浓度)分别为42.08 mg·kg^-1 和115.15 mg·kg^-1。DMDS 熏蒸后恢复培养0 d 取样, 温育120 h 时, 170.00 mg·kg^-1、42.50 mg·kg^-1 和10.62 mg·kg^-1 的DMDS 处理土壤的AWCD 值(平均每孔颜色变化率, average well-color development, AWCD)分别比空白对照升高8.46%、6.02%、19.31%, 表明DMDS 促进了土壤微生物的生长。恢复培养14 d 后, 各处理土壤微生物的AWCD 值恢复至对照水平。多样性指数分析显示, DMDS 熏蒸后恢复培养0 d 时, 土壤微生物群落的Shannon 指数、Simpson指数均高于空白对照, McIntosh 指数与对照无显著性差异; 恢复培养7 d 后, Shannon 指数与Simpson 指数恢复至对照水平。主成分分析结果显示, DMDS 熏蒸后恢复培养0 d 时, 各处理间微生物对碳源的利用方式差异显著, 恢复培养14 d 后, DMDS 对微生物碳源利用方式的影响逐渐减弱, 恢复至对照水平。结果表明, DMDS 熏蒸处理对土壤微生物的生长具有促进作用, 影响了微生物对碳源的利用方式, 但在恢复培养14 d 后, 被干扰的土壤微生物逐渐恢复至对照水平。DMDS 熏蒸处理在有效防控土传病原真菌的同时, 不会对土壤微生物群落产生明显的扰动影响, 对环境较安全。     

羊草＋杂类草群落生物量动态模式的研究

对黑龙江肇州县羊草＋杂类草群落地上生物量的季节动态、地下生物量的分布以及地上生物量与降雨量、温度之间的关系进行了分析．结果表明，在生长季内，群落地上生物量动态模式呈单峰型，符合四次多项式模型增长，最大地上生物量出现在８月５日，其值为１９７．３ｍ２而后下降；群落地下生物量分布由上至下呈负幂函数变化，其模型为：Ｂｕ＝Ｙ·（Ｄ＋１０）－ｘ．其中在０－３０ｃｍ土层中，群落地下生物量占总地下生物量的７７％～８２％．     

Negligible contribution from roots to soil-borne phospholipid fatty acid fungal biomarkers 18:2ω6,9 and 18:1ω9

The phospholipid fatty acid biomarkers 18:1ω9, 18:2ω6,9 and 18:3ω3,6,9 are commonly used as fungal biomarkers in soils. They have, however, also been found to occur in plant tissues, such as roots. Thus, the use of these PLFAs as fungal biomarkers in sieved soil, which may still contain small remains of roots, has been questioned. We used data from a recent beech tree girdling experiment to calculate the contribution of roots to these biomarkers and were able to demonstrate that not more than 0.61% of 18:1ω9 and 18:2ω6,9 in sieved soil samples originated from roots (but 4% of 18:3ω3,6,9). Additionally, the abundance of the biomarker 18:2ω6,9 in the soil was found to be highly correlated to ectomycorrhizal root colonization, which further corroborates its fungal origin. PLFA biomarkers were substantially reduced in vital roots from girdled trees compared to roots of control trees (by up to 76%), indicating that the major part of PLFAs measured in roots may actually originate from ectomycorrhizal fungi growing inside the roots. We calculated, that even a near to 50% reduction in fine root biomass - as observed in the girdling treatment - accounted for only 0.8% of the measured decrease of 18:2ω6,9. Our results demonstrate that both 18:1ω9 and 18:2ω6,9 are suitable biomarkers for detecting fungal dynamics in soils and that especially 18:2ω6,9 is a reliable biomarker to study mycorrhizal dynamics in beech forests.     

华北农牧交错带退化草地土壤种子库动态变化

对华北农牧交错带不同退化演替阶段土壤种子库的数量和物种组成及与地上植被的关系进行了初步的研究,结果表明:农牧交错带草地在刈割和放牧等干扰下,发生逆行演替,土壤种子库中植物种类及种子数量呈递减的趋势,轻度退化类型土壤种子库物种组成最高,有23种植物,种子数量最多,有4 303粒,禾本科所占比例较大,为32.3%;而极度退化草地物种组成最低,有14种植物,种子数量仅有1 156粒,禾本科只占8.4%.草地逆行演替过程中植被与土壤种子库在物种组成上存在一定差别,中度退化阶段差别最大,有18种植物未在种子库中出现,极度退化阶段差别最小,有2种未在种子库中出现.     

退化草地土壤生化活性研究

通过对三种不同退化程度的退化草地土壤生化活性进行测定和相关性分析，结果表明草地退化后其土壤生化活性受到不同程度的影响，表现为土壤生化活性随着退化程度增高而减小，但差异并非都达到统计学上的显著性，而土壤生化活性间的相关性则显著地与草地退化程度有关，说明退化草地土壤微生物间的协调作用受到显著影响，从而影响土壤氮素和碳素代谢途径。     

三元社会结构下贫困农村"三位一体"的综合养老模式探析

随着经济的发展与社会的变迁,流入城市的农民工突破了传统的城乡二元结构,开创了三元社会结构,也使得农村的家庭养老模式面临着严峻的挑战。现阶段,要促进农村经济发展与社会稳定,实现整个国民经济的良性循环和可持续发展,实现全面建设小康社会的宏伟目标,就必须从农民养老保障的客观需求出发,顺应我国农村养老方式的综合化、多元化。     

呼伦贝尔草原净初级生产力时空变化及气候响应分析

为了定量评估呼伦贝尔草原的生产能力,明确气候因子对草原生物量累积过程的影响,利用近18年中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)净初级生产力(NPP)产品(MOD17A2H),结合同时期气象数据,基于像元定量分析了呼伦贝尔草原NPP的时空变化规律及其与气候因子的关系。结果表明:2000-2017年呼伦贝尔草原净初级生产力(NPP)均值为306.97 g C·m^-2, 18年来NPP变化呈波动中增加的趋势,最低值为2001年的241.60 g C·m^-2,最高值为2014年的372.10 g C·m^-2。NPP高值区(>400 g C·m^-2)分布于低地草甸;中值区(250～400 g C·m^-2)分布于山地草甸和温性草甸草原;低值区(<250 g C·m^-2)出现在呼伦贝尔西部的温性草原,不同草地类型NPP值整体变化趋势表现为:低地草甸>山地草甸>温性草甸草原>沼泽类>温性草原。呼伦贝尔草原NPP与降水的相关性高于与温度的相关性,降水是NPP积累的主要影响因子,温性草甸草原和温性草原对气候因子变化的响应总体比低地草甸和山地草甸敏感。