基于投影寻踪模型的草原蝗虫栖境评价及风险评估

草原蝗虫发生与栖境存在紧密而复杂的关系,二者关系的研究是评估蝗灾发生风险的基础。本文分析了不同栖境内蝗虫种群密度与21个植被特征参数的相关关系,利用投影寻踪模型进行了栖境评价及风险评估,并进行模型验证。结果表明,低优参数植物生物量多样性对蝗虫种群密度影响最大,最佳投影向量a为0.6725;高优参数禾本科生态优势度对亚洲小车蝗密度影响最大,最佳投影向量a为0.6547;样点植被投影特征值Z_i与蝗虫种群密度线性相关关系极显著(y=48.861x-18.937,R=0.9509^**),Z_i越大,栖境内植被越适合蝗虫的发生,蝗灾发生的风险越高,根据Z_i值可预测不同栖境草原蝗虫的发生。投影寻踪模型评价不同植被条件下蝗虫的发生风险,可以排除与数据结构和特征无关或关系很小变量的干扰,是一种更稳健实用的方法,对于蝗虫的监测预警具有重要意义。     

甘肃省草地蝗虫预测预报专家系统的研究与开发

为使甘肃省草地蝗虫Acridoidea的防治工作有目标、有计划、有重点的进行,利用DET平台和网页工具开发了以数据库、模型库和知识库为基本内容,预测预报为主要功能的"甘肃省草地蝗虫预测预报专家系统",将多年来草地保护专家积累的知识、经验和技术,以文本、图形和视频等多媒体信息集成的方式展示于用户,可进行蝗虫的分类检索,预测蝗虫未来发生动态,并选择适宜的防治时期和技术.该专家系统对发挥甘肃省畜牧业优势具有重要的意义.     

Using fractal analysis to assess how species perceive landscape structure

To develop a species-centered definition of landscapes, I suggest using a fractal analysis of movement patterns to identify the scales at which organisms are interacting with the patch structure of the landscape. Significant differences in the fractal dimensions of movement patterns of two species indicate that the species may be interacting with the patch structure at different scales. Fractal analysis therefore permits comparisons of landscape perceptions of different species within the same environment.I tested the utility of this fractal application by analyzing the movement patterns of three species of acridid grasshoppers (Orthoptera) in a grassland mosaic. The largest species moved up to 6 times faster than the two smaller species, and species exhibited different responses to microlandscape structure within 25-m² plots. Further, the largest species exhibited different responses to microlandscape structure in two pastures subjected to different intensities of cattle grazing. This species thus is able to integrate information on landscape structure at broad spatial scales. Fractal analysis of movement patterns revealed that the two small species had significantly more tortuous patterns than the larger species, which suggests that these species are interacting with patch structure at a finer scale of resolution than the large species. Fractal analysis can be used to identify the perceptive resolution of a species; that is, the spatial grain and extent at which they are able to perceive and respond to heterogeneity. Analysis of movement patterns across a range of spatial scale may reveal shifts in fractal dimension that reflect transitions in how species respond to the patch structure of the landscape at different scales.     

陕西黄龙山蝗虫群落的生物多样性分析

为弄清黄龙山地区蝗虫群落生物多样性,有效防治该虫的危害,按"Z"型实地调查取样方法,选择丰富度、均匀度、优势度和多样性指数,对陕西黄龙山蝗虫群落的生物多样性进行分析。结果表明:不同生境蝗虫多样性指数由高到低为荒草地>灌草丛>河阶地草甸>田地地带,丰富度和均匀度变化与之基本相同,优势度变化则与之相反。荒草地为该地区防治蝗虫重点区域,应重视生物防治。     

宁夏草原蝗虫多样性及其对环境因子的响应

为明确宁夏四类主要草原的蝗虫物种组成、多样性和对天敌、植被、土壤及其气候等生物和非生物因子的响应,2019-2020年在宁夏温性草甸草原、温性草原、温性荒漠草原和温性草原化荒漠四类草原对蝗虫及天敌物种进行了调查采集,通过物种数、个体数、多样性指数、优势度指数、丰富度指数及均匀性指数分析蝗虫、天敌和昆虫的多样性,并就草原蝗虫优势种和多样性对天敌、植被、土壤及气候等生物和非生物因子的响应进行分析。结果表明,共采集鉴定草原蝗虫和天敌个体数分别有743头和3592头,物种数分别有27种和24种;温性草原上发生的蝗虫和天敌物种和数量均最多,蝗虫和天敌的物种分别为23种和21种,数量分别为432头和1682头;温性草原化荒漠上发生的蝗虫和天敌物种和数量均最少,蝗虫和天敌的物种分别为8种和7种,数量分别为34头和132头。蝗虫优势种有白纹雏蝗Chorthippus albonemus、短星翅蝗Calliptamus abbreviatus和亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus asiaticus三种,天敌优势种有直角通缘步甲Pterostichus gebleri、麻步甲Carabus brandti和短翅伪葬步甲Pseudotaphoxenus brevipennis三种。温性草原无论是在草原蝗虫群落中,还是整个昆虫和天敌群落中,其丰富度指数均显著高于其他三类草原;草原蝗虫多样性指数和丰富度指数与天敌多样性指数和丰富度指数间均存在极显著正相关关系,与天敌优势度指数间存在极显著负相关关系;短星翅蝗和亚洲小车蝗发生均与天敌直角通缘步甲呈显著正相关关系,白纹雏蝗与禾本科植被盖度、高度、生物量,菊科植被盖度、生物量、频度、高度、土壤饱和持水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量、毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、有机质、碱解氮、海拔和降水量间均呈显著正相关关系,与土壤容重、pH、平均气温和最高气温间均呈极显著负相关关系。     

Effects of livestock breed and grazing intensity on biodiversity and production in grazing systems. 4. Effects on animal diversity

Finding an optimal balance between livestock production and grazing impact on animal diversity is important for the development of sustainable grazing systems. This paper tests the hypothesis that extensification of grazing management enhances animal diversity. Similar treatments were applied over a period of three years to sites in the UK, France, Germany and Italy. There were three treatments at each site: moderate grazing intensity with a commercial breed (MC), lenient grazing intensity with a commercial breed (LC) and lenient grazing intensity with a traditional breed (LT). Animal diversity was studied at the species level for birds, hares, butterflies and grasshoppers, and at higher taxonomic level for ground-dwelling arthropods. Bird and hare numbers were low and showed no overall treatment effects. Species richness and abundance of butterflies and grasshoppers were higher for treatment LC than for treatment MC, both for species preferring short open grasslands and those preferring tall grasslands. There was no difference in the impact of commercial or traditional breeds. Most ground-dwelling arthropod groups did not show consistent treatment effects but some taxa showed site-specific responses, generally indicating a greater abundance at lenient grazing intensity. Overall, the study showed that lenient grazing intensity enhanced animal diversity on grasslands at a small scale within 3 years. By comparison, the effect of livestock breed differences was negligible. Follow-up research is needed to elucidate the processes leading to increased biodiversity in patch mosaics and to establish the generality of these findings at larger spatial scales and longer time scales.     

牧场蝗虫复合防治指标的研究

１９９２－１９９３年，作者对甘肃农垦宝瓶河牧场冬春季草声蝗虫优势种华北雏Ｃｈｏｒｔｈｉｐｐｕｓ ｂｒｕｎｎｅｕｓ ｈｕａｂｅｉｅｎｓｉｓ Ｘｉａ ｅｔ Ｊｉｎ、鼓翅皱膝蝗Ａｎｇａｒａｃｒｉｓ ｂａｒａｂｅｎｓｉｓ （Ｐａｌｌ）、青海痂Ｂｒｙ铮洌澹恚? ｍｉｒａｍａｅ ｍｉｒａｍａｅ Ｂ．－Ｂｉｅｎｋｏ对牧草造成的为害程度及混合为害时的防治指标，即复合防治指标进行了研究，建立了华北雏蝗密度与牧草损失     

甘肃省草地蝗虫预测预报专家系统的设计

为使甘肃省草地蝗虫的防治工作有目标、有计划、有重点的进行,设计了以数据库、模型库和知识库为基本内容,预测预报为主要功能的"甘肃省草地蝗虫预测预报专家系统",将多年来草地保护专家积累的知识、经验和技术,以文本、图形和视频等多媒体信息集成的方式展示于用户,可进行蝗虫的分类检索和预测蝗虫未来发生动态,并选择适宜的防治时期和技术.该专家系统对发挥甘肃省畜牧业优势具有重要的意义.     

草原牧鸡灭蝗效果研究

在甘肃省肃南县高山草地上研究黄羽和麻羽2个品种不同鸡龄的牧鸡对蝗虫的控制效果。结果表明,随距鸡舍距离和放养天数的增加,灭蝗效果分别减弱和加强,85日龄的麻羽鸡1 000只鸡群、75日龄的麻羽鸡500只鸡群、65日龄的黄羽鸡500只鸡群在放养25d后,对面积为3.14×104 m2的各试验样地内蝗虫的防治效果分别达到88%,77%和67%。单只麻羽鸡在蝗虫充足的情况下22min内可取食蝗虫101头,同时,牧鸡对草原其他害虫也有一定的防治作用。     

甘肃省草地蝗虫测报系统研究现状

本文回顾了甘肃省蝗虫种类与分布研究的历史,综述了甘肃省草地蝗虫种群关系、种群空间格局分布、种群动态变化预测预报的研究现状。据此提出:草地蝗虫预测预报工作应将传统的理论与新的数字计算技术和资源共享的网络技术结合起来,建立一种适于草地蝗虫的信息预测系统。