复方中草药添加剂对草鱼免疫功能的影响

将大黄、黄芩、白术、党参、板蓝根等10余味中草药粉碎过筛后制成复方添加剂,按1%、2%、3%的比例添加于基础饲料中制成颗粒药饵投喂草鱼,研究复方中草药对草鱼免疫功能的影响.结果表明,草鱼血细胞吞噬率、吞噬指数和血清溶菌酶活力均显著提高;各试验组草鱼的免疫保护率也明显提高,其中以2%的添加量效果最好,能有效预防草鱼感染温和气单胞菌.     

安徽单季稻田绿肥优化配置与稻季氮肥减施效果研究

为了研究豆科和禾本科绿肥适宜的种植模式,提高绿肥的养分资源高效利用。在绿肥季设置了6个处理：（1）冬闲、（2）紫云英单播、（3）毛叶苕子单播、（4）黑麦草单播、（5）紫云英和黑麦草混播、（6）毛叶苕子和黑麦草混播;并在水稻季对5个绿肥处理进行减氮30%,冬闲处理设置常规施肥和减氮30%处理。结果表明,与单播相比,混播增加了鲜草产量,毛叶苕子和黑麦草混播处理鲜草产量最高（31 582 kg·hm^-2）,同时其氮素积累量显著高于紫云英和黑麦草处理;种植绿肥有利于提高土壤的养分含量,其中黑麦草有机质含量提升最大,较冬闲处理增幅11.25%,豆科和禾本科绿肥混播后,土壤全氮和速效钾的含量显著高于单播黑麦草处理;同时利用冬闲田种植利用绿肥有利于提高水稻产量,其中毛叶苕子、毛叶苕子+黑麦草、紫云英、紫云英+黑麦草处理的水稻产量与100%N处理无显著差异。综上,毛叶苕子和黑麦草混播种植不仅增加绿肥鲜草产量和养分积累量,且提高土壤肥力,同时在减施氮肥下仍获得稳产,是本试验区域内最优的混播种植模式。     

荷包红鲤与德国镜鲤正反杂交组遗传结构的微卫星分析

用11对微卫星引物对两个杂交组合（荷包红鲤♀×德国镜鲤♂,德国镜鲤♀×荷包红鲤♂）的遗传结构进行了分析。结果表明：11对引物均能表现很好的多态性,可用作两个杂交组合遗传结构的分析,且得到的MFW 30可以用来鉴别正反杂交组的双亲;正反杂交组多态信息含量（PIC）均值分别为0.5072和0.5359,属高度多态性;子代的有效等位基因数分别为2.6594和2.9211,均大于母本而小于父本;在反交组子代中杂合度为0.9212,要高出双亲,正交组中为0.7515,介于双亲之间,均显示出子代的高遗传变异水平;Hardy-Weinberg平衡的卡方检测发现,正反杂交子代分别有8个和10个位点发生大幅度偏离平衡;双亲间遗传距离正交组为0.2699,反交组为0.3578,显示出能产生杂交优势的潜力且正交组要低于反交组;UPGMA聚类图显示,子代在正交组中与母本近,在反交组中与父本近,两者都提示杂交子代与荷包红鲤的亲缘关系较近。     

草鱼羧肽酶A1基因(CPA1)部分片段的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)多态性及其与生长性状的关联分析

羧肽酶A (EC 3.4.16)是一类水解蛋白和多肽底物C端芳香族氨基酸或脂肪族氨基酸残基的消化酶.在草鱼生长相关的功能基因上研究单核苷酸多态性(SNP)与生长的相关性可为草鱼的分子辅助育种提供依据.本研究根据草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)EST-SNP库的羧肽酶A1基因(CPA1)重叠群的2个Contig扩增该基因的序列片段,采用直接测序法,经过序列比对,共筛到2个颠换SNP位点:C+412A和A36C,分别位于CPA 1基因外显子5的34bp和内含子3的36 bp处,前者为错义突变.然后用一个群体的296尾草鱼对这2个位点用SnaPshot的方法进行检测和分型,统计基因型频率:A36C位点的AA基因型占26.7％,AC基因型占52.0％,CC基因型占21.3％.C+412A位点的AA基因型占15.5％,AC基因型占40.5％,CC基因型占43.9％.利用一般线性模型分析2个SNP位点与草鱼体质量、体长等重要生长性状的关系.关联分析结果显示,C+36A位点不同基因型在体质量、眼间距均值上存在显著差异(P＜0.05).并且AA基因型和CC基因型在体质量、体长、体宽和眼间距上存在显著差异(P＜0.05).AA基因型各项指标均值显著高于CC基因型.C+412A位点在体质量等生长性状上差异不显著(P＞0.05),该位点和生长不相关,但是CC基因型和AC基因型在体重和肛前距上差异显著(P＜0.05),该位点CC基因型的6个生长性状均值都高于AA基因型.由两个位点组成的5种双倍型在体质量上存在显著差异(P＜0.05).双倍型D3和D5在体质量上存在差异显著(P＜0.05).双倍型D3和D8在体质量、体宽、体长、体长/头长等生长性状上都存在显著差异(P＜0.05).D3的各项指标均值最高,D8的各项指标均值最低.本研究结果显示,可以考虑将草鱼CPA1基因作为候选基因,用于草鱼的分子辅助育种.     

Growth testing of two breeds of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. (Hungarian mirror and Třeboň scaly carp), in ponds with low and high stocking density

The growth of two breeds of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., was tested in ponds under the climatic conditions of South Bohemia. T?eboň scaly carp (TR) and Hungarian mirror carp (M2) were kept in both low and high stocking densities during the second growing season and then stocked together for communal testing during the third growing season. Before the communal testing, the mean initial weights of fish from low‐ and high‐density stocks differed significantly (374.1 vs. 227.7 g for the TR breed and 766.7 vs. 317.3 g for the M2 breed respectively, P<0.01). After communal testing, mean weights of fish from low‐ and high‐density stocks gained 761.8 vs. 543.8 g for the TR breed and 1339.7 vs. 706.7 g for the M2 breed respectively. These observed weights were also significantly different (P<0.01). However, the test of corrected weight gain, i.e. gain not related to the initial weight of fish, revealed insignificant differences (P>0.01) between the weight gains after correction, i.e. the effect of different initial weights was successfully eliminated. These results seem to confirm the applicability of this method for the assessment of growth of purebred common carp under the climatic conditions of Central European fish farms.     

中药复方Ⅱ对鲤鱼耐缺氧能力、RBC及HB的影响

研究了中药复方Ⅱ对鲤鱼耐缺氧能力和红细胞(RBC)数及血红蛋白(HB)含量的影响。选用体格健康的鲤鱼80尾,平均分成4组,即基础饲料组(对照组)和3个基础饲料加中药组(实验组),后3个实验组设了3个中药添加量。用上述4种饲料对实验鱼饲养120 d后,测定鲤鱼密闭性缺氧浮头时间、红细胞数和血红蛋白含量。结果显示:3个剂量的中药复方Ⅱ实验组能不同程度地延长缺氧条件下鲤鱼浮头时间,增加鲤鱼血液中红细胞数和血红蛋白含量,但低剂量组与对照组相比,差异不显著(P>0.05)。本研究表明中药复方Ⅱ能提高鲤鱼耐缺氧能力,并有改善外周血象的作用。     

’95溢洪对大伙房水库鲢、鳙渔业造成损失的估测

根据１９９０、１９９８年鲢、鳙渔获物的年龄组成,相关成份的放养尾数及１９９５年后的历年捕获量,结合可捕群体、补充群体等假设条件,利用修正的“恒定参数系统法”拟合分析了１９９５年溢洪后大伙房水库鲢、鳙的残存率、死亡系数、回捕率,探讨了′９５溢洪对该水库鲢、鳙渔业的影响,并根据理论捕获量推算出溢洪造成的损失分别为鲢２５０～３５０ｔ,鳙２３７～４３６ｔ。     

Effects of dietary medium-chain triacylglycerols (tricaprylin and tricaproin) and phospholipid supply on survival, growth and lipid metabolism in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) larvae

The present study investigated the interaction of dietary medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) and phospholipids (PL) on survival, growth and lipid metabolism in common carp larvae. Nine diets based on casein and dextrin and with a variable lipid part were tested in triplicate for 22 days post first feeding. The 3×3 design consisted of three triacylglycerols (3% of diet) combined with three different lipid supplements. Tested triacylglycerols were triolein (TOL), tricaprylin (TC8) and tricaproin (TC6), and lipid supplements were 2% soybean oil (low-fat diets without PL), 2% soybean lecithin (low-fat diets with 2% PL) or both 2% soybean lecithin and 6% TOL (high-fat diets with 2% PL).

In the first step, both TC6 and TC8 resulted in improved survival and growth rates compared to TOL, irrespective of the PL supply. In the second step, TC8 decreased survival and growth rates, whereas the difference between TC6 and TOL became less. Histological signs of impaired intestinal absorption of neutral lipids were evidenced in larvae fed TOL without PL and also in high-fat diets with 2% PL. The latter diets also resulted in poorer growth rates compared to low-fat diets with 2% PL. These results suggest that the quantitative PL requirement of larvae increases as the dietary level of long-chain triacylglycerols increases. Larvae fed TC6 or TC8 showed enlarged liver and hepatocyte volume and a decreased level of body neutral lipids. Based on β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HBA) measurements in whole larvae, TC8 was found to be more ketogenic than TC6. TC6 and TC8 affected differently the fatty acid profile of larval body neutral lipids. TC6 did not induce the appearance of MCFA, whereas TC8 feeding resulted in a low level of 8:0 and relatively high levels of 10:0 (3.8% of total fatty acids). Neither 8:0 nor 10:0 were found in larval polar lipids.

This study confirmed the essentiality of PL in common carp larval diets and underlines differences in the utilization of TC6 and TC8, which both initially stimulate growth during the first week, but only temporarily in the case of TC8.     

Purification and characterization of two anionic trypsins from the hepatopancreas of carp

SUMMARY: Two trypsins, designated as trypsin A and trypsin B, have been purified from the hepatopancreas of carp. The purification procedures consisted of ammonium sulfate fractionation, and chromatographies on DEAE-Sephacel, Ultrogel AcA54 and Q-Sepharose. Trypsin A was purified to homogeneity with the molecular mass of approximately 28 kDa, while trypsin B gave two close bands of 28.5 kDa and 28 kDa on sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis both under reducing and non-reducing conditions. On native-PAGE, both trypsin A and trypsin B showed a single band. Trypsin A and trypsin B revealed optimum temperature of 40°C and 45°C, respectively, and shared the same optimum pH 9.0 using Boc-Phe-Ser-Arg-MCA as substrate. Both enzymes were effectively inhibited by trypsin inhibitors and their susceptibilities were similar. The NH₂-terminal amino acid sequences of trypsin A and trypsin B were determined to 37th and 40th amino acid residue, respectively. Their sequences were very homologous, but not identical to that of a trypsin-type serine proteinase from carp muscle and these of other trypsins. Immunoblotting test using the antibody raised against trypsin A cross-reacted with trypsin B positively.     

巴氏杀菌加热中3种淡水鱼肌肉的变性研究

将鲤、鲢和罗非鱼肌肉在巴氏杀菌条件 ( 75℃和 80℃ )下加热 ,测定其Vp值、升温曲线的斜率 fh 值、失水率以及过氧化物酶活力的变化特点。结果表明 ,3种鱼中罗非鱼肌肉升温速度最快 ,鲤最慢 ;罗非鱼肌肉过氧化物酶完全失活所需的Vp值最高 ;随加热温度升高 ,鲢失水率增加最多 ,而罗非鱼变化最小。在巴氏杀菌条件下 ,不同鱼类肌肉失水率对加热温度、Vp值变化的敏感性存在较大差异。因此 ,在生产中应根据加热温度、Vp、失水率等参数合理制定各鱼种相应的巴氏杀菌工艺条件