Reappraisal of methods of application of nitrogen and phosphorus at sowing on the yield,grain protein content and nitrogen economy of malting barley in Sweden

Abstract

To compare the relative efficiency of different fertilisation strategies, malting barley was fertilised with calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) or compound ammonium nitrate with phosphorus (NP) applied in two ways: broadcast and harrowed into the seedbed before seeding or banded using the Scandinavian combi-drill design, with the fertiliser between every second seed row, and 40 mm below. A fixed nitrogen level (120 kg N ha^?1) was used, giving four fertiliser treatments. Eleven experiments were carried out the years 1992–1994, with latitudes 55° 55′ N as southern and 59° 36′ N as northern limit. Fertiliser-use efficiency, defined as grain yield, or grain nitrogen yield, per unit of applied N, was strongly affected by the treatments: values for combi-drilled were higher than for broadcast fertiliser and higher for NP than for CAN, with the effects being additive. The best treatment, using both banding and NP, resulted, as a mean of all trials, in a grain yield increase of 939 kg ha^?1 at 15% moisture content, or a nitrogen yield increase of 18 kg nitrogen ha^?1 compared with the poorest, using broadcast CAN. The N combi-drill effect was expected to be dependent on water availability, but this could not be confirmed when accumulated rainfall during crop establishment was used as test variable. The combi-drill effect was strongest in places where major extractable cations were abundant, possible explanations for this are discussed. Application of P to the crop and the use of combi-drill are recommended for malting barley fertilisation in Sweden.     

Linking Information to Real-Life Problems: An Interdisciplinary Collaboration of Librarians,Departments, and Food Businesses

Through a United States Department of Agriculture Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (USDA CSREES) Higher Education Challenge Grant, a team of teaching faculty and librarians at Rutgers University developed an interdisciplinary course, “Food and Nutrition Business Information and Communication.” The course employed an active learning approach that involved a unique collaboration between various academic disciplines; the Rutgers University Libraries; the School of Communication, Information, and Library Studies (SCILS); and the Rutgers Food Manufacturing Technology Facility (FMT). In the course, teams of students from the departments involved worked collaboratively to help solve an actual research problem from industry partners working at FMT. Three examples of student problem solving are presented and assessed using the rubric developed for the course. The course actively involves librarians and demonstrates the importance of information literacy skills in today's information economy.     

Effects of tillage practices combined with mucuna fallow on soil erosion and water dynamics on Ishigaki Island,Japan

Abstract

This study was conducted on a sloping field at the Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Okinawa Subtropical Station, Ishigaki Island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, to evaluate the effects of zero tillage farming combined with mucuna fallow as a cover crop on soil erosion and water dynamics. Two fallow systems (natural and mucuna) in combination with two soil tillage treatments (zero tillage and conventional tillage) were imposed on three sloping fields (2.0°, 3.5° and 5.0°). A sorghum crop (Sorghum bicolor (L) moench) was planted after the soil tillage treatment. Soil loss for zero tillage farming combined with mucuna fallow was equivalent to only 3% of that for the conventional tillage farming with natural fallow. Runoff water was also reduced by between 74% and 77% when compared with the conventional tillage system with natural fallow. These results indicate that zero tillage with mucuna fallow is a very effective measure for the control of soil erosion and water runoff. Moreover, this farming system improved water infiltration during both the fallow and the sorghum cropping periods. For the zero tillage plot, water loss as deep percolation increased 1.6-fold compared with that for the conventional farming under heavy rainfall conditions. It is expected that under less rainfall areas or seasons, the effects of zero tillage farming combined with the mucuna cover crop may be more pronounced on water runoff control and, therefore, may greatly improve soil water conditions.     

基于改进轻量级卷积神经网络MobileNetV3的番茄叶片病害识别

番茄病害的及时检测可有效提升番茄的质量和产量.为实现番茄病害的实时无损伤检测,本研究提出了一种基于改进MobileNetV3的番茄叶片病害分类识别方法.首先选择轻量级卷积神经网络Mobile?NetV3,在Image Net数据集上进行预训练,将预训练得到的共享参数迁移到对番茄叶片病害识别的模型上并做微调处理.采用相同...     

Attention embedded lightweight network for maize disease recognition

Crop disease has a negative impact on food security. If diverse crop diseases are not identified in time, they can spread and influence the quality, quantity, and production of grain. Severe crop diseases can even result in complete failure of the harvest. Recent developments in deep learning, particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs), have exhibited impressive performance in both image recognition and classification. In this study, we propose a novel network architecture, namely Mobile-DANet, to identify maize crop diseases. Based on DenseNet, we retained the structure of the transition layers and used the depthwise separable convolution in dense blocks instead of the traditional convolution layers, and then embedded the attention module to learn the importance of interchannel relationship and spatial points for input features. In addition, transfer learning was used in model training. By this means, we improved the accuracy of the model while saving more computational power than deep CNNs. This model achieved an average accuracy of 98.50% on the open maize data set, and even with complicated backdrop conditions, Mobile-DANet realized an average accuracy of 95.86% for identifying maize crop diseases on a local data set. The experimental findings show the effectiveness and feasibility of the Mobile-DANet. Our data set is available at https://github.com/xtu502/maize-disease-identification .     

利用小RNA测序技术鉴定吉林省甘薯病毒

在吉林省7个主要甘薯种植区共采集85份甘薯叶片样品,利用小RNA深度测序技术对混合样品进行检测,经RT-PCR和测序验证,鉴定出样品中存在10种病毒,包括6种RNA病毒和4种DNA病毒。分别是马铃薯Y病毒科马铃薯Y病毒属的甘薯羽状斑驳病毒Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV)、甘薯潜隐病毒Sweet potato latent virus (SPLV)、甘薯G病毒Sweet potato virus G (SPVG)、甘薯C病毒Sweet potato virus C (SPVC)、甘薯2号病毒Sweet potato virus 2 (SPV2);长线形病毒科毛形病毒属的甘薯褪绿矮化病毒Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV);双生病毒科菜豆金色花叶病毒属的甘薯曲叶病毒Sweet potato leaf curl virus(SPLCV);玉米线条病毒属的甘薯无症状1号病毒Sweet potato symptomless virus 1 (SPSMV1);花椰菜花叶病毒科杆状DNA病毒属的甘薯杆状DNA病毒B Sweet potato badnavirus B (SPBV-B)和甘薯隐症病毒Sweet potato pakakuy virus (SPPV)。     

Assessing the statistical training in animal science graduate programs in the United States: survey on statistical training

Statistical analysis of data and understanding of experimental design are critical skills needed by animal science graduate students (ASGS). These skills are even more valuable with the increased development of high-throughput technologies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the perceived statistical training of U.S. ASGS. A survey with 38 questions was shared across U.S. universities, and 416 eligible ASGS from 43 universities participated in this study. The survey included questions on the demographics and overall training, graduate education on statistics, and self-assessment on statistics and career path of ASGS. Several analyses were performed: relationship between perceived received education (PRE; i.e., how ASGS evaluated their graduate education in statistics) and perceived knowledge (PK; i.e., how ASGS evaluated their knowledge in statistics from their education); ranking of statistical topics based on PRE, PK, and confidence in performing statistical analyses (CPSA); cluster analysis of statistical topics for PRE, PK, and CPSA; and factors (demographic, overall training, interest in statistics, and field of study) associated with the overall scores (OS) for PRE, PK, and CPSA. Students had greater (P < 0.05) PRE than PK for most of the statistical topics included in this study. The moderate to high repeatability of answers within statistical topics indicates substantial correlations in ASGS answers between PRE and PK. The cluster analysis resulted in distinct groups of “Traditional” and “Nontraditional” statistical topics. ASGS showed lower (P < 0.05) scores of PRE, PK, and CPSA in “Nontraditional” compared with “Traditional” statistical methods. Several factors were associated (P < 0.05) with the OS of PRE, PK, and CSPA. In general, factors related to greater training and interest in statistics of ASGS were associated with greater OS, such as taking more credits in statistics courses, having additional training in statistics outside the classroom, knowing more than one statistics software, and more. This study provided comprehensive information on the perceived level of education, knowledge, and confidence in statistics in ASGS in the United States. Although objective measurements of their training in statistics are needed, the current study suggests that ASGS have limited statistical training on topics of major importance for the current and future trends of data-driven research in animal sciences.     

福建近海若干个拟投放深水网箱海湾理化环境调查与评估

根据2000和2001年福建主要港湾调查所获得的海洋水文和海洋化学环境资料，对拟投放深水抗风浪网箱海域的海水理化因子作了较详细的分析研究，以评估该海域是否适合于投放深水网箱。结果表明，三都澳、官井洋、东吾洋、罗源湾、福清湾、兴化湾，湄州湾和东山湾水深在25m以上，湾外有岛屿屏障，环境隐蔽、水流稳定，水温、盐度和透明度有显著的季节变化，pH和DO符合国家渔业水质标准，COD一般符合一类海水水质标准，局部海域达到二类海水水质标准，IN、PO3-P一般符合二类海水水质标准，在秋季有些港湾达到三类海水水质标准。从理化环境的角度分析，上述海湾可作为投放深水网箱之场所。     

基于YOLO V3的葡萄病害人工智能识别系统

葡萄在生长过程中会感染各种病害,葡萄病害的高效识别是防治葡萄病害的关键。本文提出了一个基于YOLO V3的葡萄病害智能识别系统,由微信小程序、云服务器和葡萄病害识别模型构成。其中的葡萄病害识别模型以植物病虫害生物学国家重点实验室提供的2 566张原始葡萄病害图片为基础,构建了32 871张葡萄病害图片数据集,采用改进的YOLO V3训练得到。本系统能对手机保存的或现场拍摄的自然条件下的12类葡萄病害图像进行识别,准确率达98.60%。识别结果、病害特征、发病原因、病害地理分布和防治建议可立刻反馈至用户。本系统不但识别率高,而且涵盖了目前大多数常见葡萄病害种类,可作为辅助果农、消费者和相关科研人员甄别葡萄病害的智能工具。     

Bearing Characteristics of Deep Rock-Socketed Piles and Application of Load Transfer Method

In order to study bearing characteristics of deep rock-socketed piles (hr/b≥5), based on the test results of self-balancing test of zh12 pile in Qingdao Gulf Bridge, the bearing characteristics of deep rock-socketed piles were analyzed. The relation between sides shear resistance of the piles and its displacement socked in soft rock was researched, and the relation between end bearing resistance and displacement was studied. The hyperbolic distributions on the load transfer method were compared to them. The results indicate that Q -S curve of large diameter deep socketed pile in soft rock area declines slowly, approximately in linear distribution. According to the fitting curve based on measured results, it is feasible to fit the relationship between sides shear resistance and its displacement by using hyperbola. The parameter of 1/b also reflects the ultimate side resistance values of piles. The load-displacement curve at the top of pile is similar to the hyperbolic form. By using the parameters of a、b obtained from fitting curve, the calculated load-displacement curve on top of pile is close to the measured curve of self-balance method. At last, according to the measured results, the value range of parameterαin empirical formula was analyzed under different states of axial compressive strength.