S-诱抗素对葡萄果实着色、品质和产量的影响

[目的]明确和评价10%S-诱抗素可溶液剂果穗喷雾对葡萄果实着色的效果,以及对品质和产量的影响,为葡萄绿色高效栽培提供理论和技术支撑。[方法] 设立10%S-诱抗素可溶液剂系列浓度(0、200.0、250.0、333.3和500.0 mg/kg),采用田间小区试验,于果实成熟时调查果实外观指标(果粒纵径、果粒横径、裂果率)、着色指数以及产量指标(单穗重、单粒重、实测小区产量等);室内仪器分析测定不同浓度处理的葡萄品质指标(可溶性固形物、可滴定酸等)。[结果]1.于“夏黑”葡萄果实转色初期喷雾使用10%S-诱抗素可溶液剂,试验所有处理对葡萄果实纵径、横径以及纵横径比、裂果率等指标均未见显著差异。2. 10%S-诱抗素可溶液剂系列浓度处理的着色指数显著地高于清水对照 (P<0.05)。3.经10%S-诱抗素可溶液剂处理后,葡萄的可溶性固形物(TSS)含量明显要高于清水对照,其可滴定酸(TA)含量均显著地低于清水对照处理(P＜0.05)。4. “夏黑”葡萄经10%S-诱抗素处理后,各处理间的单株产量无显著差异,与空白对照相比,各处理的平均增产率在0.84%-1.93%之间。[结论]“夏黑”葡萄于果实黑色初期喷雾施用10%S-诱抗素可溶液剂,可显著提高着色指数,促进果实明显着色;与清水对照相比,10%S-诱抗素可溶液剂对葡萄果实纵径、横径以及裂果率等指标无显著影响;10%S-诱抗素可溶液剂可显著提高果实可溶性固形物(TSS)含量,同时能显著降低可滴定酸(TA)含量,明显提升葡萄果实品质;10%S-诱抗素可溶液剂对葡萄的增产作用不甚明显。在葡萄促进着色使用时,建议使用最优浓度范围为200.0-333.3mg/kg,用水量为833.3L/hm2^。     

葡萄利用结果枝副梢二次结果栽培试验

摘要：在桂林葡萄产区开展利用结果枝副梢促花二次结果的栽培试验,总结在新梢生长期喷多效唑（或矮壮素）、对新梢重度修剪促进冬芽提早萌发是整齐促放葡萄二茬果的关键技术,观测了二茬果果品品质和效益,提出了生产二茬果注意的技术问题。     

Contribution of mutation I142M in fusion protein and Q44R in matrix protein of Newcastle disease virus to virulence in ducks

Although verogenic Newcastle disease viruses (NDVs) generally cause subclinical infection in waterfowls such as ducks, NDVs with high virulence in waterfowl have been sporadically reported. We previously reported that the NDV d5a20b strain, which is obtained by serial passaging of the velogenic 9a5b strain in domestic ducks, showed increased virulence in ducks (Hidaka et al., 2021). The d5a20b strain had 11 amino acid substitutions in its P/V, M, F, HN, and L proteins as compared to 9a5b. In the present study, we generated a series of recombinant (r) NDVs with these amino acid substitutions to identify the molecular basis of virulence of NDV in ducks, and evaluated their influences on virulence and in vitro viral properties. Each of the single amino acid substitutions in either the F protein I142M or the M protein Q44R contributed to the enhancement of intracerebral and intranasal pathogenicity in domestic ducks. The cell-cell fusion activity of the virus with F I142M was five times higher than that of the parental r9a5b. The virus with M Q44R rapidly replicated in duck embryo fibroblasts. Additionally, the rM+F+HN strain, which has the same amino acid sequences as d5a20b in M, F, and HN proteins, showed the highest level of virulence and replication efficiency among the generated recombinant viruses, nearly comparable to rd5a20b. These results suggest that multiple factors are involved in the high growth ability of NDV in duck cells, leading to increased virulence in vivo.     

Effects of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate on epididymal sperm parameters in adult male rats

Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) is widely used as a flame retardant and is known to exhibit anti-androgenic effects in vitro and in vivo. To assess the reproductive toxicity potency of TDCIPP, we investigated the effects of 7 days of TDCIPP oral administration on epididymal sperm motion and concentration in adult male Wistar–Imamichi rats. Thirty-five days after the final administration, sperm parameters were evaluated by computer-assisted sperm analysis. Results showed that sperm swimming progression and vigor and sperm concentration in TDCIPP-treated rats were unexpectedly higher than those in control rats. TDCIPP did not significantly affect the percentage of motile sperms or sperm swimming pattern. These results contribute to the understanding of the biological effects of TDCIPP.     

几种杀虫剂对香蕉花蓟马的田间防治试验

选用60 g/L乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂、5%啶虫脒乳油、480 g/L毒死蜱乳油、450 g/L吡虫啉微乳剂、240 g/L螺虫乙酯悬浮剂、1%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐乳油和200 g/L氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂等7种杀虫剂对香蕉花蓟马进行了田间防治试验。结果表明: 当采用每间隔两天施药时,7种供试药剂对香蕉花蓟马都具一定的防治效果,其中以240 g/L螺虫乙酯悬浮剂0.25ml/L对该虫的防效最高,为87.92%,其次为60 g/L乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂0.67 ml/L,其防效为86.02%,再次是450 g/L吡虫啉微乳剂0.33 ml/L,防效为72.00%;5%啶虫脒乳油0.67ml/L、200 g/L氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂0.33 ml/L、480 g/L毒死蜱乳油0.5 ml/L、1%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐乳油0.33 ml/L对该虫的防效分别为：62.63%、54.48%、51.47%和45.91%,显著低于240 g/L螺虫乙酯悬浮剂和60 g/L乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂。     

南京地区葡萄避雨栽培条件下‘H’型整形及根域限制栽培技术

本文介绍了葡萄在避雨栽培条件下‘H’型整形及根域限制栽培技术在南京地区的应用情况,总结了主要的栽培技术措施,包括建园、棚架搭建、土肥水管理、整形修剪、花果管理、病虫害防治、采收包装等。     

阳光玫瑰嫁接不同砧木上的生长表现

为了研究一年生和多年生砧木自根苗绿枝嫁接的生长差异,利用‘阳光玫瑰’新梢作为接穗,嫁接在一年生和多年生的‘3309C’‘SO4’‘5BB’砧木上。结果表明,嫁接在多年生砧木上的‘阳光玫瑰’叶片长、宽均比嫁接在一年生砧木上的大;嫁接在‘5BB’上的‘阳光玫瑰’生长状况（节间长、节间粗、叶片数和卷须数）比‘3309C’和‘SO4’上的差,叶绿素含量低;一年生苗嫁接的叶片薄壁细胞少、气孔数少、主脉最外侧细胞活跃排列更紧密,栅栏组织排列不紧密,海绵组织所占比例大;多年生嫁接的茎尖细胞活跃,排列紧密,分生能力强;大多数嫁接在砧木上的‘阳光玫瑰’叶片中开花基因的表达都降低;嫁接在一年生砧木上的基因表达水平比嫁接多年生砧木的高,VvFT基因表达量高于自根‘阳光玫瑰’,VvTFL低于自根‘阳光玫瑰’。本研究为生产中‘阳光玫瑰’的嫁接栽培提供了科学依据。     

葡萄香气物质研究进展

摘要：香气是评价葡萄及其加工品品质的重要指标之一,它构成了葡萄的特征风味。通过了解葡萄果实的香气组成,可以鉴别出葡萄的成熟度及其品种特性,从而为提高葡萄的风味及葡萄的遗传育种工作服务。葡萄果实中香气物质成分有酯、醇、醛、酮、萜类化合物等,这些化合物在葡萄果实中的含量以及它们的性质都对葡萄的香气品质起着决定性的作用。本文介绍了葡萄果实中香气物质成分及存在形式,综述了葡萄果实中多种香气的合成途径及其影响因素。