刺葡萄的物候期观察及扦插生根特性

以16个不同类型的刺葡萄(12个引自湖南,1个引自福建,3个引自江西)为试材,以华东葡萄(CK1)、腺枝葡萄(CK2)为双对照,进行物候期、农艺性状观察以及扦插试验。结果表明:16份不同类型的刺葡萄的物候期各不相同,除福建刺葡萄的果实着色期(07?18)比CK1的果实着色期(07?15)略晚,各类型刺葡萄的其他物候期均比对照(CK1和CK2)早,其中湖南浏阳刺葡萄雄株的萌芽期、新梢生长始期、花蕾分离期、盛花期和落叶期最早,各刺葡萄类型的生理落果始期、终期以及果实变软期相差不大;不同的刺葡萄类型的农艺性状没有明显的区别,叶片均为心形,单叶,浅裂或全缘,卷须着生不规则,花序呈圆锥形,嫩梢为黄绿或浅紫色,新梢呈褐色。扦插试验结果表明,江西–9刺葡萄的各项相关指标较好,其扦插成活率为38.67%,平均生根条数为5.9,平均根粗为4.57 mm。     

不同时期亏水对设施延后栽培葡萄生长特性与品质的影响

以充分供水为对照,并设置萌芽期轻度亏水(RDI-Ⅰ),抽蔓期轻度亏水(RDI-Ⅱ)及开花座果期(RDI-Ⅲ)、浆果膨大期(RDI-Ⅳ)和着色成熟期轻度亏水(RDI-Ⅴ)5个处理,探明不同生育期调亏滴灌对设施延后栽培葡萄生长状况与品质的影响.结果表明:与对照相比,不同生育期适度亏水处理对葡萄生长特性和品质的影响差异显著,但萌芽期和抽蔓期轻度调亏对葡萄植株的生长和同化物输送能力影响不显著;而萌芽期适度亏水可以显著提高延后栽培葡萄的产量(较CK增加2.87％);且着色成熟期适度亏水可显著提高葡萄总糖含量(较CK增加22.29％)、减小可溶性固形物和可滴定酸(较CK分别减少7.08％和3.41％),同时保持较高的花青苷.研究表明:就不同亏水处理对葡萄品质及各项生长指标影响而言,着色成熟期轻度亏水处理对葡萄品质改善效果最佳.     

葡萄枝屑栽培毛木耳配方筛选试验

【目的】以葡萄枝屑为主料,筛选出适合毛木耳栽培的培养基配方,为葡萄种植业废弃物资源化利用及开拓食用菌栽培原料应用范围提供科学依据。【方法】以不同比例的葡萄枝屑为主要原料,甘蔗渣、米糠等为辅料配制成3个培养基配方,以常规配方为对照,通过袋栽方式栽培毛木耳,比较不同葡萄枝屑添加比例对毛木耳菌丝生长和生物学效率的影响。【结果】不同葡萄枝屑添加比例培养基对毛木耳菌丝生长及生物学效率的影响不同,其中毛木耳平均产量以配方1（葡萄枝粉72%、甘蔗渣18%、米糠7%、石灰2%、石膏1%）最高,生物学效率达60.9%,其次为配方2（葡萄枝粉54%、甘蔗渣36%、米糠7%、石灰2%、石膏1%）,生物学效率为53.3%,且菌丝生长旺盛、前端整齐、洁白浓密、粗壮有力。【结论】经主辅料合理搭配,以葡萄枝屑作为主料栽培毛木耳完全可行。生产中毛木耳栽培的培养基配方以葡萄枝粉54%～72%、甘蔗渣18%～36%、米糠7%、石灰2%、石膏1%较好,毛木耳菌丝长势旺、洁白、粗壮,生物转化率较高。     

热水预处理对冷藏葡萄果实保鲜效果的研究

为了研究不同热水预处理对冷藏葡萄果实保鲜效果的影响,以巨峰葡萄为材料,研究了在40、45℃热水浸果10、15 min预处理,0℃冷藏21、28、35 d后葡萄的失重率,硬度,色度等指标。结果表明:适度的热水浸泡预处理葡萄果实,能够减少失重率和维生素C的损失,有助于保持果实的硬度,色度及果穗的完整性,对可溶性固形物和总酸的含量无负面影响,抑制了果实的腐败变质,延长保鲜期保持了鲜食葡萄果实的营养品质和商品品质。尤以45℃热水处理10 min的保鲜效果为佳。     

Valorization of three varieties of grape

In the present investigation, seed methanolic extracts of three Vitis vinifera (Muscat d’Italie, Syrah and Carignan) were assayed for their antioxidant activities. Results showed that there are strong variations in the contents of total phenols (440.97–121.94 mg GAE g⁻¹ DW), flavonoids (48.07–16.81 mg EC g⁻¹ DW) and tanins (37.15–14.9 mg EC g⁻¹ DW) from the studied seeds. The phenolic composition of these extracts was determined by RP–HPLC after acid hydrolysis. The main phenolic compound was quercetin with 27.2% in Muscat d’Italie, 48.8% in Syrah and 28.4% in Carignan. Besides, all seed extracts showed remarkable DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC₅₀ values ranged from 1.8 to 30 μg ml⁻¹. EC₅₀ values of reducing power activity ranged from 100 to 120 μg ml⁻¹. The high phenolic content and the considerable antioxidant activities of vitis seed extracts could potentially be considered as an expensive source of natural antioxidants.     

Genetic structure of the fungal grapevine pathogen Eutypa lata from four continents

The generalist ascomycete fungus Eutypa lata causes Eutypa dieback of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) worldwide. To decipher the cosmopolitan distribution of this fungus, the population genetic structure of 17 geographic samples was investigated from four continental regions (Australia, California, Europe and South Africa), based on analysis of 293 isolates genotyped with nine microsatellite markers. High levels of haplotypic richness (R = 0·91–1) and absence of multilocus linkage disequilibrium among loci supported the preponderance of sexual reproduction in all regions examined. Nonetheless, the identification of identical multilocus haplotypes with identical vegetative compatibility groups, in some vineyards in California and South Africa, suggests that asexual dispersal of the fungus among neighbouring plants could be a rare means of disease spread. The greatest levels of allelic richness (A = 4·89–4·97) and gene diversity (H = 0·66–0·69) were found in Europe among geographic samples from coastal areas surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, whereas the lowest genetic diversity was found in South Africa and Australia (A = 2·78–3·74; H = 0·49–0·57). Samples from California, Australia and South Africa, which had lower genetic diversity than those of Europe, were also characterized by demographic disequilibrium and, thus, may represent founding populations of the pathogen. Low but significant levels of genetic differentiation among all samples (D_EST = 0·12, P = 0·001; F_ST = 0·03, P = 0·001) are consistent with historical gene flow preventing differentiation at continental scales. These findings suggest that global, human‐mediated spread of the fungus may have resulted in its current global distribution.     

A nonlinear model for temperature‐dependent development of Erysiphe necator chasmothecia on grapevine leaves

Production and development of the chasmothecia of Erysiphe necator on Vitis vinifera leaves were studied using potted plants in controlled and outdoor environments and grapevines in a vineyard. The optimum temperature for ascocarp production was 20°C; fewer chasmothecia were produced at 15°C and even fewer at 25°C; at 10 and 30°C, no or very few chasmothecia were observed, and none reached maturity. Nonlinear equations describing ascocarp development as a function of time and temperature were developed, parameterized with data from experiments at constant temperatures, and evaluated under fluctuating temperatures. Goodness‐of‐fit showed high agreement between observed and predicted data: the model efficacy ranged from 0·74 to 0·97 (1·0 indicates a perfect fit), and the root mean square error ranged from 0·001 to 0·01 (zero indicates a perfect fit). The high proportion of the observed variability accounted for by these equations (R² = 0·83–0·98) supported the hypothesis that temperature has a predominant role in ascocarp development under natural conditions, when all environmental factors interact. The equations tended to overestimate the production of mature chasmothecia (the coefficient of residual mass was ?0·23), but this inconsistency mainly occurred when rainfall apparently washed the mature chasmothecia from leaves during the logarithmic phase of the ascocarp developmental curve. Results from this work will be useful for predicting the development of chasmothecia in a vineyard and for timing the use of natural products, fungicides or biocontrol agents for reducing the population of chasmothecia, which are all more effective when they are applied to immature chasmothecia.     

气候变化背景下关中地区葡萄水分盈亏变化特征

为研究关中西部半湿润地区葡萄水分盈亏情况,本文通过Mann-Kendall趋势检验、滑动t检验及Morlet小波分析等方法分析1990—2019年间葡萄需水量年际变化特征,通过水分盈亏指数(CWSDI)分析各月份及全生育期水分供应情况,以期为关中地区葡萄科学灌溉提供参考。结果表明：葡萄全生育期需水量在2015年发生突变后呈显著上升趋势,需水量变化的第一主周期为15 a。葡萄生育期内需水量总体呈先增加后减小趋势,各水文年型需水量差异在果实膨大期达到最大。不同水文年型均有发生干旱的可能性,其中葡萄6月份正值果实膨大期,但CWSDI呈降低趋势,应及时监测葡萄水分情况,防止水分亏缺造成减产。     

红宝石无核胚珠败育的直观形态学研究

以红宝石无核和谢花红为试材,系统研究花后不同时期胚珠败育数量、形态特征及不同时期胚珠的体积和重量变化.结果表明:2个品种在胚珠发育前期都会因授粉受精不良引起部分胚珠发育不良,产生畸形胚珠,所不同的是红宝石无核花后34 d时畸形胚珠率急剧上升至81.48%,随后在较短时间内胚珠全部畸形,且这些畸形胚珠与前期授粉受精不良引起的胚珠畸形在外观形态上存在差异.与对照相比,红宝石无核的胚珠体积和重量也是在花后34 d达到顶峰,随后呈下降趋势,而谢花红胚珠体积及重量在46 d达到高峰,随后基本稳定.因此,花后34 d是研究和利用红宝石无核非常重要的时期.     

光照对设施栽培葡萄果实质量的影响

葡萄设施栽培中光照因素与果实质量密切相关,受覆膜影响室内透光率仅为65%～80%,设施中人为给光时,光照时数与质量、光合效率降低、架式不合理、叶幕遮挡等因素影响果实质量,要选择合适薄膜并加强保养,栽培设施结构合理,选择适宜的架式和补光措施。