氮肥品种和用量对水稻产量和镉吸收的影响研究

采用盆栽试验,研究了Cd污染土壤上,不同氮肥品种和用量对水稻产量和Cd吸收的影响。结果表明,与磷钾配施的4个氮肥处理中,施用尿素处理水稻产量最高,其次为施(NH4)2SO4和NH4Cl处理,施NH4NO3处理水稻产量最低。与施(NH4)2SO4、NH4NO3和尿素处理相比,施NH4Cl处理可显著增加水稻对Cd的吸收,并促进Cd由秸秆向籽粒的转移;而其他3种氮肥对水稻秸秆和籽粒中Cd含量的影响效应相当。适量尿素[0.2g(N)·kg-1]处理能显著降低水稻籽粒Cd含量,而不施尿素和高量尿素处理都显著提高了水稻籽粒中的Cd含量。研究表明,在Cd污染的水稻土上,采用抗Cd污染的水稻品种和优化肥、水管理措施,可使稻米中Cd含量低于国家无公害大米的限量指标。     

太湖流域农业结构多目标优化设计

该文运用线性规划模型,以农业面源污染削减、粮食及副食品供应安全和农业经济发展为多重目标,设置了流域6大分区农、牧、渔共72个变量,进行了太湖流域农业结构的优化设计。研究结果得到了流域及其6大分区不同农田利用方式、畜禽和淡水养殖结构的优化方案,可以在保证流域粮食及副食品安全和目前产值水平的前提下,达到农业面源污染35.1%的削减率。根据优化设计结果,提出了保持水田面积、旱地栽培大幅压缩,蔬菜生产设施化、园地生产保持稳定、猪与家禽养殖明显压缩、淡水养殖“压中有保”的太湖流域农业结构调整方向,并对不同分区的调整重点进行了分析。     

Stabilization mechanisms of organic matter in four temperate soils: Development and application of a conceptual model

Based on recent findings in the literature, we developed a process‐oriented conceptual model that integrates all three process groups of organic matter (OM) stabilization in soils namely (1) selective preservation of recalcitrant compounds, (2) spatial inaccessibility to decomposer organisms, and (3) interactions of OM with minerals and metal ions. The model concept relates the diverse stabilization mechanisms to active, intermediate, and passive pools. The formation of the passive pool is regarded as hierarchical structured co‐action of various processes that are active under specific pedogenetic conditions. To evaluate the model, we used data of pool sizes and turnover times of soil OM fractions from horizons of two acid forest and two agricultural soils. Selective preservation of recalcitrant compounds is relevant in the active pool and particularly in soil horizons with high C contents. Biogenic aggregation preserves OM in the intermediate pool and is limited to topsoil horizons. Spatial inaccessibility due to the occlusion of OM in clay microstructures and due to the formation of hydrophobic surfaces stabilizes OM in the passive pool. If present, charcoal contributes to the passive pool mainly in topsoil horizons. The importance of organo‐mineral interactions for OM stabilization in the passive pool is well‐known and increases with soil depth. Hydrophobicity is particularly relevant in acid soils and in soils with considerable inputs of charcoal. We conclude that the stabilization potentials of soils are site‐ and horizon‐specific. Furthermore, management affects key stabilization mechanisms. Tillage increases the importance of organo‐mineral interactions for OM stabilization, and in Ap horizons with high microbial activity and C turnover, organo‐mineral interactions can contribute to OM stabilization in the intermediate pool. The application of our model showed that we need a better understanding of processes causing spatial inaccessibility of OM to decomposers in the passive pool.     

不同耕作方式对旱作区冬小麦生产和产量的影响

为了筛选出适宜旱作区推广的耕作技术,在旱作大田条件下,设置一次深翻、免耕覆盖、深松覆盖、传统耕作四种耕作方式,研究了不同耕作方式下花后土壤水分和养分状况、小麦旗叶叶绿素含量、小麦旗叶净光合速率和小麦籽粒灌浆速率及产量。结果表明,免耕覆盖、深松覆盖开花期和灌浆期0～40 cm土层土壤水分含量分别比传统耕作提高了4.13%、6.23%和5.50%、9.27%,0～40 cm土层土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均显著高于传统耕作,为小麦开花后生长发育提供了良好的环境,从而提高了小麦灌浆中后期旗叶叶绿素含量和净光合速率,促进花后干物质积累及干物质向籽粒转运,进而提高了籽粒灌浆速率,使得籽粒产量显著提高。     

Population size and specific potential of P-mineralizing and -solubilizing bacteria under long-term P-deficiency fertilization in a sandy loam soil

The effects of organic manure, mineral fertilizer (NPK), and P-deficiency fertilization (NK) on the individual biomass of young wheat plants, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization in wheat root systems, population sizes of soil organic phosphorus mineralizing bacteria (OPMB) and inorganic phosphate solubilizing bacteria (IPSB) as well as soil P-mineralization and -solubilization potential were investigated in a long-term (18-year) fertilizer experiment. The experiment included five treatments: organic manure, an equal mixture of organic manure and mineral fertilizer, fertilizer NPK, fertilizer NK, and the control (without fertilization). Plant biomass, population sizes of soil OPMB and IPSB were greatly increased (P<0.05) by the application of organic manure and slightly increased by the balanced application of mineral fertilizer, while undiminished AM colonization in wheat root system was only observed in the case of the NK treatment. Compared to balanced fertilization, P-deficiency fertilization resulted in a significant increase (P<0.05) of OPMB-specific mineralization potential (soil P-mineralization potential per OPMB cell) and highest IPSB-specific solubilization potential (soil P-solubilization potential per IPSB cell), suggesting that OPMB and IPSB are likely more metabolically active in P-deficiency fertilized soils after long-term fertilizer management, and mycorrhizal plants are more dependent on AM in P-poor soils than in P-fertilized soils. Our results also showed the different effects of mineral fertilizer versus organic manure on soil P-mineralization and -solubilization potentials, as well as specific potentials of OPMB and IPSB in arable soils.     

土壤改良剂节水增产效应的田间试验研究

采用田间试验,探讨了施用土壤改良剂对冬小麦的产量及水肥利用效率的影响.结果表明,施加土壤改良剂能降低作物生育期耗水量,提高冬小麦的产量,增加水肥利用效率.在不灌水条件下,施加土壤改良剂1 500 kg/hm~2,能够使冬小麦较对照增产15%,水分利用效率(WUE)提高了21.65%,磷肥利用效率(PUE)较单施磷肥增加2.92%.在灌水33.3 mm的条件下,施加土壤改良剂较对照可增产28.57%,将土壤改良剂与磷肥混施增产可达到42.86%.而且,PUE较单施磷肥增加了11.11%,WUE达到25.06kg/(hm~2·mm).     

砒砂岩区不同退耕还林措施土壤颗粒及交换性能分布特征

为研究砒砂岩区退耕还林还草措施下林地和草地的土壤结构及土壤交换性能对其措施的响应,选取柠条林、油松林、小叶杨林和本氏针茅草地为研究对象,并以荞麦坡耕地为对照,通过野外取样与室内试验相结合的方式,采用分形理论探究土壤粒径分布(PSD)、阳离子交换量(CEC)和交换性盐基总量(ECEC)及其组成(Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+))的分布特征,并分析其相关性关系。结果表明:(1)实施退耕还林措施后,草地和林地的PSD分布范围、非均一性、离散程度均高于坡耕地,且柠条林的土壤粉粒含量、PSD分布范围的增幅效果最显著(P0.05);土壤剖面垂直层次上,草地有利于增加表层土壤的细粒组分和粒径的分布范围,而林地更有利于对深层土壤粒径的改良与细化;(2)研究区交换性盐基组成主要以碱土金属为主(Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)),不同措施的土壤ECEC和CEC值由大到小依次为柠条林油松林小叶杨林草地坡耕地。草地表层土壤交换性能优于底层土壤,而林地与之相反;(3)黏、粉粒和细砂是决定研究区土壤交换性能的细粒土壤和粗粒土壤,粉粒是CEC、ECEC的主要贡献因子,多重分形维数可较好地描述土壤交换性能与土壤颗粒间的关系。不同措施以柠条林对土壤颗粒组成和土壤交换性能的改良效果最优。     

中国5种典型土壤的侵蚀泥沙粒径分布特征

通过天然降雨试验,研究我国5种典型土壤的侵蚀泥沙团粒和单粒粒径分布以及泥沙各级团粒的机械组成特征。2013—2014年汛期(6—9月),监测红壤、紫色土、黄绵土、褐土和黑土径流小区的降雨产流事件,收集侵蚀泥沙样品,利用湿筛法和吸管法测定其团粒和单粒粒径分布;同时,筛选出泥沙各级团粒样品,进一步测定其单粒粒径组成。结果表明:(1)侵蚀泥沙粒径分布是土壤质地和降雨强度综合作用的结果,团粒粒径分布更适合作为表征泥沙输移的指标;(2)5种土壤的侵蚀泥沙皆表现出粉团(0.002~0.05mm)和黏团(0.002mm)的明显富集;(3)在泥沙单粒粒径分布方面,除红壤的粉粒(0.002~0.05mm)和黏粒(0.002mm)有轻微富集外,其余4种土壤的各级单粒均无明显富集;(4)红壤侵蚀泥沙粉团(0.002~0.05mm)中的黏粒含量最多,其余4种土壤侵蚀泥沙机械组成和各级团粒的机械组成均与原土接近。     

风水复合侵蚀下锡林河流域不同管理方式 草地表土粒度特征

结合锡林河流域风水侵蚀情况,对锡林河流域围封天然草地、放牧草地、封育种植草地表层(0~5 cm)土壤粒度特征及其与风蚀、水蚀关系进行研究,结果表明:封育种植草地较放牧和天然草地在降低土壤风蚀和水蚀方面均起到了较明显的作用;锡林河流域草地表层土壤粒度组成以砂粒为主,其所占比例为75%~82%,放牧草地较天然草地及封育种植草地土壤粒度粗化明显,封育种植草地中蒙古冰草+草木樨草地土壤颗粒分选性较差,其余草地土壤颗粒分选性均为中等;研究区内粒径在160μm左右土壤颗粒为易受侵蚀土壤颗粒;研究区土壤粒度组成特征与风蚀、水蚀均有明显相关性,尤其与近地面20 cm风速和径流产流总量联系最为密切。     

中国粮食主产区参考作物蒸散量演变特征与成因分析

在全球变暖的背景下,参考作物蒸散量（reference crop evapotranspiration,ET0）的改变及其空间分布势必对中国粮食主产区农业水资源规划、农业用水管理等产生重要影响。本文将中国粮食主产区划分为温带湿润半湿润地区（I区）、温带干旱半干旱地区（II区）、暖温带半湿润地区（III区）和亚热带湿润地区（IV区）4个子区域,基于粮食主产区265个站点1961-2013年53a气象数据,采用FAO-56 Penman-Monteith公式计算各站点逐日ET0,利用ArcGIS空间插值、Mann-Kendall趋势检验、敏感性分析和贡献率分析等方法,对该区域ET0的时空分布规律及其成因进行分析。结果表明：（1）近53a来,中国粮食主产区年均ET0为878.9mm,整体呈显著下降趋势,速率为0.47mm·a^-1（P＜0.05）,I、II区和IV区年均ET0分别为741.8、1079.8和924.2mm且均有所减小,但变化趋势并不明显,III区年均ET0为940.2mm,呈极显著下降趋势,速率为1.21mm·a^-1（P＜0.01）。（2）全区及I-IV区ET0最敏感气象因子均为相对湿度,其敏感系数分别为-1.060、-1.232、-0.784、-1.114和-1.009。（3）全区及I-III区对ET0变化贡献最大的气象因子为风速,IV区为相对湿度。（4）风速的减小是造成粮食主产区全区及I-III区ET0减小的首要原因,风速减小和日照时数缩短是造成IV区ET0减小的主要原因。