省域尺度下畜禽粪便的农田消纳量及承载负荷研究

为了解畜禽养殖粪便还田利用消除养殖污染的重要途径,在构建畜禽粪便的农田消纳量及承载负荷模型的基础上,在省域尺度下分析了我国不同省区主要畜禽类型粪便产生总氮(TN)、单位面积畜禽粪便TN的容纳量以及单位面积畜禽粪便TN的承载负荷。结果表明,全国畜禽粪便TN产生量是380.56万t,其中猪、奶牛、肉牛、蛋鸡和肉鸡粪便TN分别占41.2%、13.7%、8.7%、1.5%和34.9%,总量分布山东最高占到15.9%,其次河南占13.4%,河北第三占9.2%。单位面积的畜禽粪便TN容纳量北京最高,单位耕地面积达到83.2kg/hm~2,单位播种面积达到68.2kg/hm~2,低于耕地面积的承载量90kg/hm~2的安全消纳的临界点。基于欧盟标准,省域尺度下的TN承载负荷均小于0.5,其中北京最高,耕地面积下的承载负荷是0.48,播种面积下的承载负荷0.39。畜禽粪便TN负荷主要来自生猪与肉鸡,差不多是畜禽TN负荷的一半,因此,畜禽粪便污染的防治主要是生猪与肉鸡,其中重点是生猪。由此可见,我国农田消纳畜禽粪便的潜力较大,通过畜禽粪便还田利用能够有效的解决粪便污染问题。     

长江中下游平原湖区汛期稻田水管理

从长江中下游平原湖区农业生产与防洪除涝相结合的角度，就保持必要的稻田种植面积和江河汛期稻田水管理进行了探讨，提出利用水稻不同时期的耐涝性，科学地调控稻田蓄水深度，以减轻提排压力和防洪压力，促进本区社会经济持续发展。     

坡地柑橘园节水技术

干旱缺水是导致果园低产、低效的主要原因。对坡地柑橘园的穴灌和沟灌2种灌溉技术进行对比,研究了坡地柑橘园节水技术。结果表明,穴灌和沟灌的秋梢数量分别比对照(自然不灌水)高49%和45%,存在显著差异;穴灌的果实横径、单株产量比沟灌高10 mm、19.4%,沟灌条件下的单株产量比对照高19.2%。穴灌的裂果率显著低于沟灌和对照。穴灌是有效的节水灌溉措施,对果实的膨大促进作用明显,有利于提高单株产量和降低裂果率,是适合坡地果园较优的灌溉方式。     

Field Scale Mapping of Surface Soil Clay Concentration

The surface soil clay concentration is a useful soil property to map soils, interpret soil properties, and guide irrigation, fertilizer, and agricultural chemical applications. The objective of this study was to determine whether surface soil clay concentrations could be predicted from remotely sensed imagery of bare surface soil or from soil electrical conductivity for a 115 ha field located in Crisp County, Georgia. The soil clay concentrations were determined for soil samples taken at 28 field locations. Three different data sources–an aerial color photograph image, two infrared bands from an ATLAS data set, and the electrical conductivity of the surface soil layer were used in the research. Principal components analysis was applied to the color photograph image, whereas the ratio of two infrared bands was applied to the ATLAS data set. Filtering was applied to both resulting images. The distribution of soil electrical conductivity was derived from the measured soil electrical conductivity data by spatial analysis. Statistical relationships between soil clay concentrations and the principal component 3, the ratio of two ATLAS infrared bands, and the soil electrical conductivity were analyzed, and three linear equations were derived with r ² values 0.83, 0.52, and 0.78, respectively. The distribution of the soil clay concentrations was derived based on these three equations. Six levels of soil clay concentrations were classified in these three methods, and the advantages and disadvantages were discussed. The predicted and measured soil clay concentrations, based on additional soil samples from 30 field locations, were compared using linear regression (r ²=0.76, 0.45, and 0.77 for the three methods). The overall accuracy for these methods were 84%, 66%, and 76%, respectively. The principal components method had the highest accuracy in our research, while the result for the depressional areas is the best from the ratio method.     

宁南黄土丘陵区坡耕地土壤侵蚀对土地生产力影响研究

坡耕地土壤侵蚀对土地生产力的影响表现在多方面 .该文运用模拟侵蚀方法 ,对宁夏西吉县黄土丘陵区坡耕地表层土壤发生不同程度侵蚀后 ,表土养分流失、作物产量和生物量下降的状况进行了定量测试分析 .结果显示 :①耕作层 (0～ 2 0cm)土壤肥力指标有机质、全N、碱解N、全P分别比下层土壤 (2 0～ 6 0cm)高 14 2 % ,12 0 % ,37 3%和 9 2 % ,且流失土壤的养分富集现象明显 .②种植春小麦和豌豆的坡耕地 ,每流失 1cm表土 ,产量分别下降 1 9%～ 3 1%和 2 0 %～ 2 6 % ,而马铃薯和胡麻产量分别降低 0 9%～ 1 0 %和 0 9%～ 1 5 % .③发生强度和剧烈侵蚀的坡耕地 ,每年农作物产量下降幅度为 0 35 %～ 1 76 %和 1 0 7%～ 3 36 % .     

2018凝固剂凝固天然鲜胶乳的研究

采用新型凝固剂2018凝固剂凝固天然鲜胶乳，研究鲜胶乳的氨含量、干胶含量以及凝固剂用量对天然胶乳凝固的影响，测定所得生胶的各项性能及其硫化胶膜的力学性能。结果表明：2018凝固剂凝固天然鲜胶乳时，鲜胶乳氨含量0．02％～0．03％左右，干胶含量20％—25％以上，凝固剂用量与甲酸用量相当，凝固效果好，所得生胶的各项性能指标均达到部颁一级胶标准，其硫化胶膜的物机性能较好，经济效益十分可观。     

大蒜叶枯病田间化学防治试验研究

【目的】研究不同药剂对大蒜叶枯病的防治效果,筛选出适于大蒜叶枯病防治的杀菌剂。【方法】采用田间小区试验的方法,于2009和2010年分别对防治大蒜叶枯病的9种杀菌剂进行田间药效试验。【结果】2009和2010年供试药剂在田间使用剂量范围内,对大蒜叶枯病均表现出较好的防治效果,均在75%以上,其中60%吡唑醚菌酯.代森联WG的1 500和1 800 g/hm2对大蒜叶枯病均有显著的防治效果,2年的防治效果均在87%以上;70%代森联WG 1 200 g/hm2、75%百菌清WP 1 200 g/hm2、25%嘧菌酯SC 1 200 g/hm2、3%中生菌素WP 750 g/hm2,2年的防治效果均在85%以上。【结论】应根据大蒜叶枯病田间发生规律,在发病初期使用60%吡唑醚菌酯.代森联WG 1 500和1 800 g/hm2,间隔7~10 d施药1次,连续施药2~3次,并与3%中生菌素WP 750 g/hm2、70%甲基硫菌灵WP 856.5 g/hm2等不同作用机理的杀菌剂交替使用,以延缓病原菌产生抗药性,提高控制病害的效果。     

Soil Test,Aerial Image and Yield Data as Inputs for Site-specific Fertility and Hybrid Management Under Maize

Several potential sources of information exist to support precision management of crop inputs. This study evaluated soil test data, bare-soil remote sensing imagery and yield monitor information for their potential contributions to precision management of maize (Zea mays L.). Data were collected from five farmer-managed fields in Central New York in 1999, 2000, and 2001. Geostatistical techniques were used to analyze the spatial structure of soil fertility (pH, P, K, NO₃ and organic matter content) and yield variables (yield, hybrid response and N fertilization response), while remote sensing imagery was processed using principal component analysis. Geographic information system (GIS) spatial data processing and correlation analyses were used to evaluate relationships in the data. Organic matter content, pH, P, and K were highly consistent over time and showed high to moderate levels of spatial autocorrelation, suggesting that grid soil sampling at 2.5–5.5ha scale may be used as a basis for defining fertility management zones. Soil nitrate levels were strongly influenced by seasonal weather conditions and showed low potential for site-specific N management. Aerial image data were correlated to soil organic matter content and in some cases to yield, mainly through the effect of drainage patterns. Aerial image data were not well correlated with soil fertility indicators, and therefore were not useful for defining fertility management zones. Yield response to hybrid selection and nitrogen fertilization rates were highly variable among years, and showed little justification for site-specific management. In conclusion, we recommend grid-based management of lime, P, and K, but no justification existed within our limited study area for site-specific N or hybrid management.     

新疆狗牙根制种田杂草调查研究

通过对新农1号狗牙根和喀什狗牙根制种田内杂草种类、频度、密度及多度进行调查和统计分析,结果表明：杂草种类达17科61种,其中菊科杂草15种,占杂草总数的24.59%;禾本科杂草13种,占杂草总数的21.31%;一年生杂草34种,占杂草总数的55.74%;多年生杂草21种,占杂草总数的34.43%。3-4月是春季杂草发生高峰期,5-8月是夏季杂草发生高峰期,主要杂草有顶羽菊、田旋花、灰藜、野西瓜苗、狗尾草、稗、反枝苋、苦苣菜,发生频度在50%以上,密度在4.25株/m^2以上。     

磁混肥对梨果产量品质及梨树酶活性的研究

磁混肥比混肥和习惯用肥明显增产。其中,以每株施花肥、壮果肥粪水各5kg,50kg和磁混肥1.5kg,2.3kg的产量最高,其糖/酸比值为67.3,叶片中养分N∶P_2O_5∶K_2O=1.0∶0.17∶0.60,磷含量高。日增长体积以每株施花肥、果肥粪水各25kg,50kg和磁混肥0.75kg,1.17kg处理最大,为6.06×10~(-6)mm~3。磁混肥处理SOD酶活力前期强,利于抗衰老,其后逐渐减弱,有利促进梨果成熟。