橡胶树产胶生物学研究进展

天然橡胶（顺式-1,4-聚异戊二烯）是一种重要的工业原料,主要来自橡胶树。以天然橡胶的生物合成与产量形成为主要内容的产胶生物学研究为橡胶树高产遗传改良提供理论指导,近10年取得了重要进展。本文从橡胶树基因组测序、橡胶转移酶、转基因、以及转录组和蛋白质组等4个方面介绍产胶生物学研究主要进展,并讨论了相关领域研究存在的问题,对未来5~10年需重点关注的研究内容提出了建议。在介绍橡胶转移酶时,同时概述其他几种产胶植物的相关研究进展。     

Effect of inclusion of cashew globulin (Anacardium occidentale) to a casein diet on lipid parameters in rats

The effect of inclusion of cashew globulin to a casein diet on lipid metabolism was studied in rats fed diets with two levels of cashew globulin meal. Inclusion of cashew globulin to a casein diet produced lower levels of total cholesterol, triacylglycerol and phospholipids in the serum and tissues and lower levels of serum lipoprotein cholesterol. There was decreased cholesterogenesis in the liver as evidenced by decreased activity of HMG CoA reductase and decreased release of lipoproteins into circulation. Rats fed cashew globulin along with casein also showed higher activity of LPL in the heart and adipose tissue and higher activity of LCAT. Increased hepatic diversion of cholesterol to bile acid synthesis and increased excretion of bile acids and sterols were also observed in these groups. Activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme was decreased in rats fed cashew globulin along with casein. This study demonstrates that cashew globulins included in the diet of rats are able to alter lipid metabolism which results in lower levels of lipid parameters in the serum and tissues.     

抗性和敏感小菜蛾谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶和谷胱甘肽的比较

研究了抗性和敏感小菜蛾谷胱甘肽 - S-转移酶 ( GSTs)在不同发育期的变化及有机磷类杀虫剂对虫体谷胱甘肽 ( GSH)质量摩尔浓度的影响 .结果表明 :抗性和敏感小菜蛾 GSTs比活力在各发育期中变化不大 ,但虫体 GSTs总活力随虫体生长发育而显著增加 ,在 4龄和蛹期达到最大值 .抗性小菜蛾 GSTs活力明显高于敏感小菜蛾 .甲胺磷和水胺硫磷对敏感小菜蛾幼虫 GSH影响不明显 ,但可导致抗性小菜蛾 GSH质量摩尔浓度的显著降低 .因此可以认为 ,GSTs活力增高和 GSH的结合作用应是小菜蛾对有机磷类杀虫剂抗性的重要机制 .     

茶树中奎尼酸/莽草酸-羟肉桂酰基转移酶基因的克隆及功能研究

从茶树中分离到1个绿原酸生物合成相关基因,命名为Cs HCT。该基因编码1个430个氨基酸的多肽,推测分子质量约为48.6 ku。蛋白质序列比对表明,Cs HCT含有酰基转移酶的保守域HXXXD和DFGWG,与其他物种HCT的同源性在58%~82%。系统发育分析表明,Cs HCT与咖啡中的HCT同源性最高,连同其他植物HCT形成一个独立的组群。通过大肠杆菌异源表达,纯化获得了Cs HCT蛋白,并进行了催化活性研究。结果表明,重组的Cs HCT能有效催化奎尼酸和莽草酸与香豆酰辅酶A的转酰基反应,分别生成香豆酰奎尼酸和香豆酰莽草酸。Cs HCT不能催化奎尼酸和咖啡酰辅酶A生成绿原酸。     

寄主植物对棉铃虫体内解毒酶活性的影响

通过离体酶活性测定 ,研究取食小麦、豌豆等寄主植物和人工饲料对棉铃虫羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的影响。结果表明取食不同寄主植物的棉铃虫体内羧酸酯酶活性不仅存在量的差异 ,而且存在质的差异 ,寄主植物对棉铃虫谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶活性有显著影响     

纤维素酶及其基因结构特征与功能的关系

纤维素是一种具有重要发展潜力的生物型能源.研究纤维素酶及其基因的结构和功能,阐明基因表达和降解机制是利用这一巨大资源的基础之一.本文综述了纤维素酶及其基因结构和功能研究的最新进展,并对其发展前景进行了分析.     

Induction effects of host plants on insecticide susceptibility and detoxification enzymes of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

BACKGROUND: The polyphagous B‐biotype Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) has developed a high resistance to commonly used insecticides in China. To illustrate the induced changes by host plant, bioassay and biochemical research on five different host populations were investigated. RESULTS: Except for bifenthrin, all tested insecticides showed lower toxicity to the B. tabaci poinsettia population compared with other host populations. Moreover, four insecticides, the exceptions being abamectin and fipronil, showed highest toxicity towards the tomato population. The LC₅₀ values of the poinsettia population, particularly towards acetamiprid, were 14.8‐, 10.3‐ and 7.29‐fold higher than those of tomato, cucumber and cabbage respectively. The CarE activities of B. tabaci cabbage and cucumber populations were all significantly higher than those of poinsettia, cotton and tomato populations. The ratio of the cabbage population was 1.97‐, 1.79‐ and 1.30‐fold higher than that of poinsettia, cotton and tomato respectively. The frequency profiles for this activity also have obvious differences. The GST and P450 activities of the cucumber population were the lowest in the five host populations. CONCLUSION: Long‐term induction of host plants for B‐biotype B. tabaci could influence their susceptibilities to several insecticides. Rational selection and usage of insecticides for particular hosts will be helpful for resistance management and control of this species. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

ADP-核糖基化调控精子形成的研究进展

ADP-核糖基化是由ADP-核糖基转移酶((ADP-ribosyl) transferases,ARTs)催化的一种蛋白质翻译后修饰,分为聚-ADP-核糖基化和单-ADP-核糖基化,在着丝点和纺锤体组装、DNA损伤修复及精子染色质重塑等多个精子发生生物学事件中发挥重要调控作用.部分ARTs基因缺失使精子形成异常,导致精...     

Heterogeneity of Pseudomonas savastanoi populations infecting Myrtus communis in Sardinia (Italy)

Genetic, phenotypic and host range diversity among Pseudomonas savastanoi isolates from Myrtus communis were investigated. Thirty‐one isolates from six Sardinian commercial myrtle orchards and three isolates from plants growing spontaneously on the island of Rhodes (Greece) were compared with reference strains of P. savastanoi from olive, oleander, ash and myrtle. Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) indicated the presence of a monomorphic population with a very low level of variability. Conversely, Biolog phenotypic fingerprinting and phytohormone production analyses showed a considerable metabolic diversity, as bacteria obtained from single infected tissue differed more than bacteria obtained from different orchards. When pathogenicity tests were carried out on myrtle plants, different types of symptoms were induced: knots, canker lesions with or without tissue proliferations and, occasionally, wilting of the inoculated twig, a symptom never reported before for P. savastanoi. Comparable symptoms were also observed in the natural environment both on spontaneous and cultivated plants. Moreover, the host range of the myrtle population was heterogeneous and not well defined. Some isolates showed a wide host range whilst others were pathogenic only to their natural host. Overall these findings suggest that the diversity of the P. savastanoi population from myrtle does not depend so much on the locality or the natural host and does not allow the Sardinian and Greek isolates, together with previously characterized myrtle strains, to be ascribed to a known pathovar of P. savastanoi, nor to propose their belonging, as a whole, to a new pathovar.     

泰乐菌素组份转化机制的研究

泰乐菌素发酵过程中,ＰＨ值的控制及豆油的补加量对组份的转化存在显著影响。研究结果表明,在转化阶段当ＰＨ值控制在适当范围内,对不菌素效价影响不大,但可大大提高泰乐菌素Ａ的含量;同时在发酵中期及转化前这一阶段补加适量豆油,不仅可使效价逐步提高,还中明显促进大菌Ｃ向泰乐菌素Ａ的转化。