How does water and salt stress affect the germination and initial growth of Brazilian soya bean cultivars?

The effects of water and salt stress on rate of germination and seedling growth were investigated under laboratory conditions in 46 soya bean genotypes from Central-West region of Brazil to verify how these stresses may limit crop establishment during the initial growth stage and also to identify the most tolerant genotypes to drought and salinity. Mild water and salt stresses were imposed by seed exposure to –0.20 MPa iso-osmotic solutions with polyethylene glycol—PEG 6000 (119.57 g/L) or NaCl (2.357 g/L) for 12 days at 25°C. The germination percentage, seedling length and seedling dry matter were measured, and then, salt or drought tolerance indexes were calculated. The “NS 5909 RG,” “NS 7000 IPRO,” “NS 7338IPRO,” “FPS Solimões RR,” “NS 5151 IPRO,” “SYN 13610 IPRO,” “LG 60177 IPRO,” “NS 6909 IPRO” and “BMX Desafio RR” were identified as the most drought-tolerant genotypes, whereas under salinity conditions, the genotypes “5D 615 RR,” “BMX Desafio RR,” “5D 6215 IPRO” and “BMX Ponta IPRO” were identified as tolerant. The “BMX Desafio RR” is the genotype most adapted to both stress conditions and, therefore, should be used under conditions of water shortage and excess salt in the soil at sowing time.     

咖啡因Na_2─EDTA对不同辐射敏感性作物质膜过氧化的维护效应

本文研究了咖啡因和Ｎａ２─ＥＤＴＡ辐照后处理对大豆和油菜７日龄幼苗质膜过氧化水平的生物学效应。结果表明，随着辐射剂量的增加，细胞膜透性、丙二醛、脯氨酸含量和过氧化物酶活性增大，而超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶则先增大而后降低。辐照后，大豆幼苗质膜过氧化程度高于油菜。咖啡因、ＥＤＴＡ后处理降低了两种作物的细胞膜过氧化水平和丙二醛含量，提高了脯氨酸含量和超氧化物歧化酶，过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶的活性，减轻了辐射对细胞膜产生的损伤。咖啡因和ＥＤＴＡ后处理对油菜质膜的保护作用强于大豆，ＥＤＴＡ的作用效应强于咖啡因，咖啡因与ＥＤＴＡ复合作用协同效应不明显。     

大豆室内耐冷筛选及其在田间的应用研究

本试验把生长箱大豆耐低温萌发筛选与田间早春播研究相结合,验证耐低温发芽的可靠性。在实验室,萌发期表现抗冷的大豆,田间出昔期仍表现抗冷或较抗冷。实验表明,大豆出苗的生物学最低温度平均为7.1℃,所需有效积温136℃。地温的高低直接影响大豆早春出苗的多寡,两者呈密切的正相关。黄、青、黑豆中,以黑豆抵抗早春不良气候条件的能力最强。     

桑树大豆间作地上部和地下部的种间作用研究

在田间条件下研究了桑树-大豆间作体系中地上部分和地下部分之间的相互作用。结果表明:在桑树和大豆间作的共生期间,间作桑树地上部生物量、光合速率、含N量、根系干重、根长密度和叶片硝酸还原酶活性(NRA)比单作桑树分别增加了65.9%、11.8%、17.8%、24.8%、139.8%和116.2%,而大豆呈现相反趋势,桑树和大豆间作期间存在明显的竞争关系。但是,间作大豆土壤微生物生物量碳和土壤脱氢酶活性分别比单作大豆高10.6%和3.5%,桑树和大豆间作存在种间促进作用。因此,桑树和大豆间作体系中种间促进作用和种间竞争作用是同时存在的。     

NaCl胁迫对野生及栽培大豆渗透调节物质含量的影响

采用沙培试验对NaCl胁迫条件下野生及栽培大豆叶片中可溶性糖、脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白质含量以及地上部及根部Na+、K+含量进行了测定.结果表明:0～200 mmol·L-1浓度范围内,随着NaCl胁迫浓度的增加,野生大豆叶片可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量均逐渐增加,可溶性蛋白含量先升高后降低;栽培大豆脯氨酸含量逐渐升高,可溶性糖及蛋...     

铬胁迫对黄豆生理特性的FTIR研究和铬积累特征

为了对Cr6+污染土壤修复提供参考依据。通过水培,研究了不同Cr6+水平对黄豆幼苗根、茎、叶的傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)图谱变化,同时测定Cr6+的亚细胞分布和Cr6+富集的影响。结果表明：幼苗对Cr6+的积累能力与处理浓度呈正比。其叶片富集的Cr6+在细胞壁分布最多(37.14%~63.52%),线粒体和叶绿体最少(＜12%)。根组织在1064、1404、1635、2924、3417 cm-1等处峰高呈先升后降的变化趋势,可能是在低Cr6+浓度,通过增加糖类和氨基酸等有机物含量来响应Cr6+胁迫;茎组织在1072、1427、1643、2924、3387 cm-1等处峰高呈现不显著变化趋势;叶组织在1110、1396、1651、2924、3433 cm-1等处峰高先降后升,表明叶中一些富含O-H小分子有机物质（碳水化合物）被运输到根部螯合Cr6+来响应低Cr6+胁迫。研究结果表明,黄豆幼苗能有效地吸收土壤中的Cr6+,在Cr6+污染土壤植物修复技术领域,拥有潜在的利用价值。     

Stem growth during seed production in soybean: Implications for pod yield

In soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), stems remain a competitive carbon resource sink during reproduction. Radial stem expansion after termination of axial stem growth requires resources to produce secondary cell walls in secondary vascular tissues. The impact of both the timing and extent of secondary growth in stems on fruit production in soybean is unknown. We hypothesized that cultivars gaining higher amounts of secondary vascular tissues during seed filling would experience lower reproductive output. Four determinate cultivars were grown in a greenhouse and harvested at the beginning and ending of seed filling for biomass determination and tissue composition measurement (ImageJ-Fiji). Cultivar ‘Hanover’ entered seed filling with the lowest amount of secondary phloem. It produced the largest increase in radial stem expansion, largest seeds, and fewest undeveloped (aborted) fruits. The physiological role of active secondary phloem production in stems for seed production in soybean reproduction is unclear. We reject our initial hypothesis and propose that high fitness may require the concomitant growth of vegetative and reproductive organs.     

Marker‐assisted backcrossing of a null allele of the α‐subunit of Soybean (Glycine max) β‐conglycinin with a Chinese soybean cultivar (a). The development of improved lines

The development of soybean varieties that lack the β‐conglycinin α‐subunit is an attractive goal because the β‐conglycinin α‐subunit negatively influences the nutrition and gelation of tofu and is a major allergen. To remove this undesirable allergen and simultaneously improve the seed nutritional value and food‐processing quality, marker‐assisted background selection (MABS) was used in backcross breeding to incorporate cgy‐2, a null phenotype version of the gene encoding the β‐conglycinin α‐subunit, from the donor line ‘RiB’ into the genetic background of the Chinese cultivar ‘Dongnong47’ (DN47), a popular high‐oil superfine seed soybean cultivar from Heilongjiang Province, China. In each F₂ (F₂, BC_nF₂) generation of the breeding programme, the offspring that carried the introgressed cgy‐2 were identified by sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and rescreened by MABS using simple sequence repeat markers to accelerate recurrent parent genome recovery. Of the 49 advanced backcrossing breeding lines (ABLs), the three best lines, ABL1, ABL2 and ABL3, were selected from the BC₁, BC₂ and BC₃ populations, respectively. The ABLs were evaluated for desirable agronomic characteristics, yield‐related traits, amino acid composition, free amino acid composition and tofu‐processing quality in the mature seeds. All of the ABLs lacked the α‐subunit but grew and reproduced normally without deleterious effects on physiological processes such as seed development and germination. The free amino acid content of ABL1 was significantly higher than that of ‘DN47’, with arginine (Arg) being particularly enriched. Compared to the recurrent parent ‘DN47’, the total protein content of the three ABLs was higher, the amino acid composition of the seed proteins was markedly modified and the yield and hardness of the tofu that was made from the ABLs were significantly increased. MABS combined with stringent phenotypic selection in a backcross breeding programme is a feasible strategy for the genetic engineering of seed protein components to produce allergenic subunit‐deficient variant alleles.     

Environmental effects on lutein content and relationship of lutein and other seed components in soybean

Lutein is a major carotenoid in soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed, and has been shown to be beneficial for eye health in humans. Development of soybeans high in lutein is a goal of some breeding programmes. Little is known about how different growing environments affect lutein content. The objective of this study was to determine the variation of lutein and its relationship to seed protein, oil and individual fatty acids in soybean seed. Fifteen soybean genotypes were planted at four environments. There was no effect of year and planting date on lutein content in soybean seed. However, genotype × year, genotype × planting date and genotype × year × planting date were significant for lutein content. Although each genotype showed similar response across environments, lutein content varied significantly across the four growing environments in 14 of the 15 genotypes evaluated. Lutein content was not correlated with seed protein or oil and palmitic or stearic acid concentrations. However, lutein was positively correlated with oleic acid content and negatively correlated with linoleic and linolenic acids content.     

半定量RT-PCR法检测低磷胁迫下大豆根系质膜H~+-ATPase基因的表达

试验以大豆为材料,采用水培方法,以β-微管蛋白基因为内参基因,用半定量逆转录聚合酶链式反应(se-mi RT-PCR法)检测在低磷胁迫下大豆根系质膜H+-ATPase基因表达量的变化,以期建立适于检测该基因表达的semi RT-PCR试验体系。结果表明:在低磷胁迫2 h时,与对照相比基因表达量有所增加,在4 h时相对表达量达到最大,6 h略有下降。这表明大豆根系质膜H+-ATPase基因表达量的增加可能与适应低磷胁迫的逆境有关,半定量RT-PCR法可以用来检测特定基因在不同条件下的表达量。