Overproduction of reactive oxygen species involved in the pathogenicity of Fusarium in potato tubers

Differences in virulence between Fusarium sulphureum and Fusarium sambucinum were compared. Changes in reactive oxygen species production and metabolism in inoculated slices of potato tubers were also compared. The result showed that Fusarium infection induced significant production of ROS, lipid peroxidation and loss of cell membrane integrity, but low activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Compared to F. sambucinum, F. sulphureum led larger lesion diameters on potato tubers and slices. It resulted in more superoxide anion ($O_2^{-}$) and earlier peak of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), but lower activity of catalase (CAT) and APX, and accompanied with higher malondialdehyde (MDA) content and lower cell membrane integrity. These findings suggested that overproduction of ROS involved in the pathogenicity of Fusarium in potato tubers.     

Reduced glutathione decreases energy expenditure in chicks exposed to separation stress

Recently, we reported that intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of reduced glutathione (GSH) induces hypnotic and sedative effects under an acute stressful condition in chicks. However, no information is available on the effects of GSH on energy expenditure (EE) under stressful conditions. The purpose of the present study was to clarify whether i.c.v. injection of GSH affects EE of neonatal chicks, and whether EE is correlated with behavioral changes after isolation-induced stress. The EE was rapidly decreased by i.c.v. injection of GSH, but was increased 27 min after injection. This change in EE was correlated with behavioral changes in which GSH induced hypnotic and sedative effects shortly after injection, followed by a period in which activity increased. The present study demonstrates that central GSH initially causes lowered EE through hypnotic and sedative effects under an acute stressful condition in chicks.     

Dietary incorporation of feedstuffs naturally high in organic selenium for racing pigeons (Columba livia): effects on plasma antioxidant markers after a standardised simulation of a flying effort

Selenium is a trace element of importance for animal health. It is essential for adequate functioning of many enzymes such as, the antioxidant enzyme, glutathione peroxidase, which protects the cell against free radicals. A muscular effort induces a rise in reactive oxygen species production which, in turn, can generate an oxidative stress. Two groups of eight racing pigeons were fed respectively with a diet containing 30.3 (control group) and 195.3 (selenium group) μg selenium/kg diet. The pigeons were submitted to a standardised simulation of a flying effort during 2 h. Blood was taken before and after the effort to measure antioxidant markers and blood parameters related to muscle metabolism. Plasma selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity were significantly higher in the selenium group. There were no significant differences for the other measured parameters. As a consequence of the effort, the pigeons of the selenium group showed a higher increase of glutathione peroxidase activity and a smaller increase of plasma lactate concentration. Variations because of the effort in the other markers were not significantly different between the two groups. It is concluded that the selenium status was improved with the feeding of feedstuffs high in Selenium.     

外源谷胱甘肽对自毒作用下辣椒幼苗生长的影响

以辣椒叶浸提液作为辣椒连作障碍的自毒物质,研究了辣椒叶浸提液对辣椒幼苗的生长抑制作用以及加入谷胱甘肽(GSH)后缓解叶浸提液对辣椒幼苗生长抑制作用的效果.结果表明:50 g.L-1叶浸提液处理后,2个品种辣椒幼苗株高、茎粗、叶片长和宽的生长速率及叶片大小、复叶数的增加都比对照降低,根系活力也显著低于其它处理.外施GSH能使自毒作用下辣椒幼苗的株高、茎粗、叶片长和宽的生长速率、叶片大小及复叶数的增幅升高,植株根系活力也显著提高.研究表明,GSH对两品种辣椒幼苗的自毒作用有一定程度的缓解作用,最佳缓解浓度为50 mg.L-1.     

水葫芦沼液对青菜生长及AsA-GSH循环影响的动态研究

以青菜为材料,研究了在青菜整个生长周期内,不同比例水葫芦沼液对青菜生长的影响及其体内AsA-GSH循环影响的动态变化。结果表明,使用不同比例沼液代替化肥对青菜的株高及生物量产生不同的影响,其中,以25%沼液替代化肥的处理效果最好,在不同的采样时期,其株高和生物量均显著大于对照,当沼液使用比例大于50%时,株高和生物量均随着沼液使用比例的增加而降低;处理后总量Vc、还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)和脱氢抗坏血酸(DHA)的变化趋势不同,25%沼液替代化肥处理45和60 d时,总量Vc与对照相比显著增加;AsA虽然有所增加(除了30 d时),但与对照差异不显著;DHA含量均显著大于对照。当沼液使用比例大于50%时,总量Vc、AsA和DHA与对照相比均显著降低;在AsA循环中的抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、抗坏血酸氧化酶(AAO)和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)活性变化趋势相似,均随着处理时间增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,其中以25%沼液替代化肥处理30 d酶活性最高,而单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)活性则随着处理时间的增加而增加,以25%沼液替代化肥的处理效果最好;在还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)循环中的氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)和GSH含量随着处理时间的增加而增加,以25%沼液替代化肥的处理效果最好,与对照相比差异显著,而谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性随着处理时间增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,其中以25%沼液替代化肥处理45 d酶活性最高。说明用适量的水葫芦沼液替代化肥对青菜进行处理,有助于植株的生长,同时增加了体内AsA-GSH代谢循环,提高了青菜的抗氧化防御能力。     

Antioxidant,ethylene and membrane leakage responses to powdery mildew infection of near-isogenic barley lines with various types of resistance

Leaves of powdery mildew-susceptible barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Ingrid) and related near-isogenic lines bearing various resistance genes (Mla12, Mlg or mlo5) were inoculated with Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei race A6. Fungal attack induced several-fold increases in ethylene emission and electrolyte leakage in leaves of susceptible Ingrid beginning 3 days after inoculation. Activities of peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase enzymes were induced markedly in susceptible leaves 5–7 days after inoculation. Similar, but less pronounced pathogen-induced changes were detected in inoculated leaves of Mla-type resistant plants that show hypersensitive cell death upon inoculation, and, to an even lesser extent, in the Mlg and mlo lines, where no visible symptoms accompanied the incompatible interaction. Glutathione content increased only in susceptible barley 7 days after inoculation. Catalase activity, total ascorbate content and redox state were not influenced by inoculation in any of the genotypes. The activity of dehydroascorbate reductase was significantly reduced 3–5 days after inoculation in the susceptible parental plants and after 5 days in Mla and Mlg lines, while it was stable in the mlo barley. Slightly elevated levels of H₂O₂ were observed in the inoculated resistant plants. In contrast, H₂O₂ content decreased in the susceptible line 7 days after pathogen attack. These data indicate that high levels of antioxidants are involved in the compatible interaction of susceptible barley and powdery mildew by protecting the pathogen from oxidative damage.     

Selenium supplementation changes glutathione peroxidase activity and thyroid hormone production in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) larvae

Dietary selenium (Se) influences the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and the thyroid hormone system in vertebrates, but these relations are poorly described in fish. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of Se supplementation on Senegalese sole larvae, focusing on GPx activity and thyroid status. Two groups of larvae were fed on either control (C) or Se‐enriched live feed, from 2 days after hatch (DAH) until 34 DAH. Senegalese sole larvae fed Se‐enriched live feed significantly increased their whole‐body Se, compared to larvae from C group. The activity of GPx was higher in larvae from Se group, suggesting that the levels of this mineral were suboptimal in the control diet. TH levels were also higher in larvae fed Se‐enriched live feed, suggesting that Se may have a positive influence on the TH production in early life stages of marine fish larvae.     

Effect of dietary glutathione supplementation on the biological value of rapeseed meal to juvenile grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idellus

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary rapeseed meal (RM) and glutathione supplementation (400 mg kg^?1) on growth and intestinal microbiota of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Dietary 450 g kg^?1 RM decreased growth and feed intake, while increased the activities of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT). The hepatic damages were also observed the significant lower condition factor (CF), hepatosomatic index (HSI) and the symbol of parenchymal damage. Glutathione supplementation increased weight gain and feed intake while significantly decreased the three serum biochemistry parameters compared with the RM group. In addition, HSI, CF and pathology reports revealed that glutathione supplementation alleviated the damage caused by RM on the fish liver. In addition, glutathione had a positive effect on the intestinal digestive capacity. PCR‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis indicated a higher similarity between dietary glutathione supplementation and control group. In conclusion, we demonstrated dietary 450 g kg^?1 rapeseed meal lead to negative health outcomes, while glutathione supplementation neutralize the adverse effect of rapeseed meal presented in aqua feed through alleviating the damage factors on the fish liver.     

烟草的TMV侵染耐受性与谷胱甘肽代谢途径的关系

为了深入了解烟草对烟草花叶病毒(TMV)的抗性机制,以耐受TMV感染品种豫烟8号和具有相同遗传背景对花叶病敏感的品种NC89为材料,通过对高通量测序获得的转录组数据进行生物信息学分析发现,二者接种TMV后的差异表达基因富集通路中共同存在谷胱甘肽代谢途径,且耐受性品种豫烟8号中该途径有增强的趋势。采用荧光定量PCR和分光光度法检测了两品种接种TMV前后谷胱甘肽代谢途径中关键酶谷胱甘肽S转移酶(GST)基因表达水平、酶活性以及谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量的变化。结果表明,接种TMV后两品种中GST基因表达水平升高,GST酶活性增强,GSH含量升高,耐受性品种豫烟8号增幅更明显。通过硫元素的丰缺试验研究了接种TMV对GST基因及与TMV侵染耐受性相关基因表达水平的影响,结果显示,+S和-S处理中两品种接种病毒后这些基因的表达趋势一致,-S处理的表达量低于+S处理。GST、PR1-a、HSP90和Catalase-3这些抗病相关基因都呈上调表达,其中豫烟8号接种后的表达量均高于NC89;而Psb A和PhotosystemⅡ10 k Da polypeptide 2个涉及光合作用的基因均呈现下调表达,但是接种后豫烟8号的下调幅度小于NC89。以上表明,在耐受TMV感染的品种中,谷胱甘肽代谢增强对细胞环境的氧化还原平衡有一定的促进作用,使光系统Ⅱ中的关键成分D1蛋白基因Psb A的表达相对稳定,从而减轻光合系统的破坏程度。