Effects of low protein diet and low protein diet supplemented with synthetic essential amino acids on meat quality of broiler chickens

We investigated the effects of a low crude protein (CP) diet and a low CP diet supplemented with synthetic essential amino acids (EAA) on the meat quality of broiler chickens. Twenty‐one‐day‐old chickens were assigned to one of three diets: control, low CP (LCP), or low CP supplemented with EAA (ELCP). The chickens received these diets for 10 days. The shear force value (SFV) and free glutamate content of the Pectoralis major muscle were measured as indicators of the meat toughness and taste. The collagen and crude fat content of the muscle and the cross‐sectional area of myofibers were measured to evaluate the effects of the LCP and ELCP diets on meat toughness. The SFV of the ELCP group was 47% lower than that of the control group (P < 0.01). However, the LCP diet did not affect the SFV. The collagen and crude fat content were not affected by the dietary treatment. The cross‐sectional area was lower in the LCP and ELCP groups (P < 0.05) than the control group. The free glutamate content of muscle was not affected by the dietary treatment. Thus, a low CP diet supplemented with EAA is an effective means of producing tender meat.     

谷氨酸对脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇刺激下的断奶仔猪生长性能、血常规及血清生化指标变化的干预作用

本文旨在探讨谷氨酸对脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)刺激下的断奶仔猪生长性能、血常规及血清生化指标变化的干预作用.选用28日龄“杜×长×大”三元杂交断奶仔猪28头,随机分为4组,分别饲喂基础饲粮(NC组)、基础饲粮+4 mg/kg DON(DON组)、基础饲粮+4 mg/kg DON+2％谷氨酸(DG组)和基础饲粮+2％谷氨酸(Glu组),每组7个重复,每个重复1头猪.试验期为37 d,试验结束时测定仔猪的生长性能、脏器指数、血常规和血清生化指标.结果表明:与DON组相比较,DG组仔猪料重比显著下降了8.93％ (P ＜0.05),平均日增重有升高趋势,但差异不显著(P＞0.05);肝脏指数、肾脏指数和胰腺指数分别显著降低了10.66％、12.68％和11.71％ (P ＜0.05),脾脏指数显著升高了28.03％ (P ＜0.05);红细胞和血小板数量显著升高(P＜0.05),白细胞数量、中性粒细胞百分比、中性粒细胞绝对值、红细胞比积和平均血小板体积有升高趋势,但差异不显著(P＞0.05);血清葡萄糖含量、肌酸激酶和谷草转氨酶活性显著降低(P＜0.05),总蛋白含量显著升高(P＜0.05),谷丙转氨酶活性有降低趋势,但差异不显著(P＞0.05).因此,谷氨酸具有提高DON刺激下的断奶仔猪生长性能并在一定程度上缓解DON应激损伤的效果.     

玉米蛋白粉部分替代鱼粉对网箱养殖异育银鲫肌肉组织氮磷保留率的影响

研究玉米蛋白粉部分替代鱼粉对异育银鲫氮磷保留率影响,以3种规格的异育银鲫(小规格为26.90 g、中规格为51.70 g、大规格为97.67 g)为试验对象,每种规格分别设置鱼粉组和玉米蛋白粉组(鱼粉组的鱼粉用量为10%和9%,用8%玉米蛋白粉等量替代鱼粉),在网箱中饲养97 d,分别于30d、61 d和97 d采样,测定3个阶段的肌肉氮保留率、磷保留率以及肌肉和肝胰脏谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性。结果表明:小规格异育银鲫的Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段、中规格第Ⅰ阶段和大规格第Ⅲ阶段的肌肉组织中的氮含量存在显著差异,中、大规格的其余各阶段肌肉组织的氮含量无显著差异;肌肉组织中磷的含量在小规格的第Ⅰ、Ⅱ阶段无显著差异,第Ⅲ阶段鱼粉组磷含量显著高于玉米蛋白组(P<0.05),除大规格第Ⅲ阶段,中规格和大规格的总体上玉米蛋白组的肌肉磷含量显著高于鱼粉组(P<0.05);除中规格的第Ⅰ阶段,3种规格异育银鲫在第Ⅲ阶段内总体上呈现鱼粉组肌肉氮保留率显著高于玉米蛋白粉组(P<0.05);3种规格异育银鲫肝胰脏的GDH活性随饲养时间延长,两组无显著差异;异育银鲫肌肉组织的GDH活性,除中规格的第Ⅱ阶段和大规格的第Ⅰ阶段,其余表现为同种规格的鱼...     

Cloning and Characterization of Glutamate Receptors in Californian Sea Lions (Zalophus californianus)

Domoic acid produced by marine algae has been shown to cause acute and chronic neurologic sequelae in Californian sea lions following acute or low-dose exposure. Histological findings in affected animals included a degenerative cardiomyopathy that was hypothesized to be caused by over-excitation of the glutamate receptors (GluRs) speculated to be present in the sea lion heart. Thus tissues from five sea lions without lesions associated with domoic acid toxicity and one animal with domoic acid-induced chronic neurologic sequelae and degenerative cardiomyopathy were examined for the presence of GluRs. Immunohistochemistry localized mGluR 2/3, mGluR 5, GluR 2/3 and NMDAR 1 in structures of the conducting system and blood vessels. NMDAR 1 and GluR 2/3 were the most widespread as immunoreactivity was observed within sea lion conducting system structures. PCR analysis, cloning and subsequent sequencing of the seal lion GluRs showed only 80% homology to those from rats, but more than 95% homologous to those from dogs. The cellular distribution and expression of subtypes of GluRs in the sea lion hearts suggests that exposure to domoic acid may induce cardiac damage and functional disturbances.     

纳豆芽孢杆菌谷氨酸脱氢酶基因的克隆、表达及酶活性测定

纳豆芽孢杆菌谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)是纳豆发酵产氨的关键酶.本文以纳豆芽孢杆菌基因组DNA为模板,根据枯草芽孢杆菌的GDH编码基因(RocG)序列设计引物,进行PCR扩增,再经pMD19-T质粒TA克隆,获得了全长为1275 bp、与RocG基因同源性为98%的纳豆芽孢杆菌GDH的编码基因.构建原核表达载体pET28a-GDH,转化至E.coli BL21(DE3)进行体外诱导表达.表达的包涵体在超声破菌、变性、纯化和复性后,经SDS-PAGE分析得到了47 kDa的特异条带.纳豆芽孢杆菌GDH同时具有NAD+和NADP+依赖活性,酶活分别为6.7723 U·mg-1蛋白和9.4205 U·mg-1蛋白.     

Acaricide resistance and resistance mechanisms in Tetranychus urticae populations from rose greenhouses in the Netherlands

BACKGROUND: Spider mites are important crop pests that rapidly develop resistance to acaricides. To investigate whether acaricide resistance is a threat to greenhouse rose culture in the Netherlands, the susceptibility of 15 strains of Tetranychus urticae was tested to several currently used acaricides, and resistance mechanisms were investigated. RESULTS: Although the observed levels of susceptibility differed between strains and acaricides, resistance was detected in most strains. The activity of detoxifying enzymes was significantly increased in most field‐collected strains, and a number of amino acid substitutions known to be involved in resistance were detected. CONCLUSIONS: Resistance levels to traditional acaricides such as bifenthrin and abamectin were prominent, and might result in control failure under field conditions. Resistance to more recently registered compounds was detected in several populations. Resistance levels were generally unstable in the laboratory without selection pressure. The toxicological, biochemical and genetic data in this study will be essential in devising an efficient resistant management for Dutch rose culture. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

麸酸型有机复混肥对铁观音茶叶产量与品质的影响

进行了麸酸型有机复混肥在铁观音茶叶上的应用效果试验。结果表明,施用麸酸有机复混肥或配施化肥,其夏、暑、秋三季茶青总产较单施化肥增产1.8%~7.0%,其中以50%有机复混肥 50%硫酸钾复合肥处理产量最高,而3季茶青中以暑茶增产效果最好,较单施化肥增产5.7%~17.6%。与单施化肥相比,施用麸酸有机复混肥提高了暑茶氨基酸总量,尤其是谷氨酸与苯丙氨酸含量,且氨基酸总量总体随麸酸有机复混肥施用比重的增加而增加。综合产量、品质与效益分析,麸酸有机复混肥在茶树上的施肥模式以50%有机复混肥 50%化肥配施最佳。     

味精废渣肥对油菜生长和土壤化学性状的影响研究

采用盆栽试验方法研究了味精废渣肥对油菜生长和土壤化学性状的影响。结果表明,与等氮量尿素处理比较,施用N1、N2水平味精废渣肥油菜生物量分别增加7.9%和15.4%;施用N1-N3水平的味精废渣肥土壤全氮增加4.5%～6.6%,土壤脲酶活性增加53.8%～281.7%,有效硫增加5.03～15.55mg·kg-1,土壤pH值降低0.09～0.20个单位,差异均达到显著水平;施用味精废渣肥土壤有机质、速效磷、有效锌、有效铁和土壤磷酸酶活性均无显著变化。施用味精废渣肥与尿素-牛粪配施处理比较:N1、N2水平油菜生物量分别降低14.5%、18.3%,N3水平油菜生物量增加28.7%,差异均达到显著水平;土壤有机质降低了14.2%～23.0%、速效磷降低了94.84～100.89mg·kg-1、有效硫增加4.05～9.43mg·kg-1;土壤全氮N1、N2水平分别降低8.0%～14.6%,N3水平增加了2.7%;土壤脲酶活性N1水平降低39.2%,N2、N3水平分别增加21.4%、56.0%;酸性磷酸酶活性降低16.4%～25.4%、中性磷酸酶活性降低26.8%～29.9%、碱性磷酸酶活性降低3.0%～14.4%,土壤...     

谷氨酸对脂多糖刺激断奶仔猪肠道能量代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究谷氨酸(Glu)对脂多糖(LPS)刺激断奶仔猪肠道能量代谢的影响。选择24头断奶仔猪分为4个组,分别为对照组、LPS组、LPS+1.0%Glu组和LPS+2.0%Glu组,每组6个重复,每个重复1头猪。于试验第28天,试验组猪注射100μg/kg BW LPS,对照组注射等量的生理盐水,4 h后屠宰,取肠道样品待测。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,LPS刺激导致断奶仔猪空肠三磷酸腺苷(ATP)、腺苷酸池(TAN)含量和能荷(EC)显著降低(P0.05),一磷酸腺苷(AMP)/ATP值显著升高(P0.05);与LPS组相比,LPS+2.0%Glu组显著提高了空肠ATP、二磷酸腺苷(ADP)和TAN含量(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,LPS刺激导致断奶仔猪回肠柠檬酸合成酶和α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶系活性极显著降低(P0.01),空肠α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶系活性有降低趋势(P=0.092);与LPS组相比,除LPS+1.0%Glu组回肠柠檬酸合成酶活性显著降低(P0.05)外,Glu对空肠和回肠三羧酸循环关键酶活性无显著影响(P0.05)。3)与对照组相比,LPS刺激导致空肠过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ辅激活因子1α(PGC1α)及回肠沉默信号调控因子1(Sirt1)和PGC1α的mRNA表达量极显著降低(P0.01);与LPS组相比,LPS+2.0%Glu组有提高空肠PGC1α(P=0.067)和回肠Sirt1(P=0.053)mRNA表达量的趋势,LPS+1.0%Glu组有提高回肠Sirt1 mRNA表达量的趋势(P=0.070)。由此可见,Glu可以改善LPS刺激导致的肠道能量损耗状态。     

甜菜谷氨酸合成酶活性与块根产量、含糖率的相关性分析

采用双丰16(偏丰产型)和甜单1号(偏高糖型)两个甜菜(Beta vulgaris L.)品种作为试材,在5个氮素水平(0、60、120、180和240 kg.hm-2)下,研究甜菜功能叶片与块根中谷氨酸合成酶(glutamate syn-thase,GOGAT)在生育进程中的活性变化动态及其与块根产量、含糖率和产糖量的关系。结果表明:在不同氮素水平下,两个品种功能叶片和块根的GOGAT活性均呈双峰曲线变化,两峰值分别出现在6月下旬和8月下旬,其中,功能叶GOGAT前一峰值高于后一峰值;块根GOGAT则与之相反。在不同氮素水平下,功能叶片GOGAT活性表现为N180>N120>N240>N60>N0,块根GOGAT表现为N120>N180>N240>N60>N0。GOGAT的活性与块根产量及含糖率关系紧密,块根产量随GOGAT活性的增加而提高,但是GOGAT活性过高反而降低了块根含糖率,进而导致甜菜产糖量的降低。