野生和养殖牡蛎种群的比较摄食生理研究

１９９５年４～５月在山东省荣成市桑沟湾用模拟现场流水法对该湾野生和养殖太平洋牡垢种群不同大小个体的摄食生理进行了比较研究。实验结果表明，野生和养殖太平洋牡蛎种群在滤水率、选择率和吸收率等方面无明显的差异，但在保留率和摄食率等方面有明显的差异。这说明野生种群能比养殖种群更好地过滤下并摄入海水中的颗粒物。根据实验数据，用计算机模拟得出了野生和养殖牡蛎种群的滤水率与个体体重的关系为：ＦＲω＝２．８８２３Ｗ０．３６４７，Ｒ２＝０．９４２２和ＦＲｃ＝４．０１４４Ｗ０．２６９１，Ｒ２＝０．９０２９。     

In vitro modulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediate (ROI/RNI) production in Crassostrea gigas hemocytes

Bivalve hemocyte competence has been measured by quantifying functional characteristics, including reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI) production after activation with zymosan or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). However, untreated oyster hemocytes also produce ROI and RNI (reactive nitrogen intermediates) after bleeding even if not stimulated by zymosan or PMA. Extensive investigation of this parameter by flow cytometry showed that, in vitro, ROI/RNI production by untreated hemocytes maintained in seawater appeared to be independent of both bacterial burden in the serum and non-self particle phagocytosis. ROI/RNI production in granulocytes was higher than in hyalinocytes and could be intensified when activated by zymosan but not by PMA. Both cell types used NADPH-oxidase- and NO-synthase-like pathways to produce these molecules; the NO-synthase pathway seemed relatively more dominant in hyalinocytes and NADPH-oxidase appeared more effective in granulocytes. These results provide new insights for interpreting the modulation of ROI/RNI production by untreated hemocytes shown by other studies, relative to environmental conditions or physiological status of the oysters.     

Yields of cultured Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas Thunberg improved after one generation of selection

Parental families (G₀) in three lines of Pacific oysters were selected based on live weight and meat yields at harvest. The average live weight yield of progeny (G₁) from crossing G₀-selected lines in seven trials was 9.5% greater than that of nonselected control families and live weight yields were significantly greater (ANOVA, P<0.001) in four out of seven trials. The response to selection was greater if G₁ families were tested at the same site as their parents' selection site rather than at a different site, although this effect was only significant for G₁ families of cohort 5 (P<0.01) but not cohort 7 (P>0.05). A significant genotype×environment interaction affected yields in both cohort 5 and cohort 7 (ANOVA; P<0.001). In addition, correlation between the yields of the same families planted at both intertidal and subtidal sites was positive but weak (cohort 5, r=0.30; cohort 7, r=0.35), indicating that selection for high yield in one environment would likely result in a low correlated response in a different environment. Nonetheless, it was possible to identify six families in cohort 5 and four families in cohort 7 that were among the top 10 families at both sites. Further evaluation of families across a wider range of environments is needed to determine if it is possible to substantially improve yields by selecting “generalist” families that perform well along the whole Pacific coast, or whether it will be necessary to select lines that are suited to particular sites.     

Taurine transporter from the giant Pacific oyster <Emphasis Type="Italic">Crassostrea gigas</Emphasis>: function and expression in response to hyper- and hypo-osmotic stress

ABSTRACT:   Taurine is the primary osmolyte in marine molluscs, whose cellular osmo-conforming process is vital for environmental adaptation because of a lack of osmotic homeostasis. Here, cDNA cloning and expression, and functional analyses of taurine transporter (TAUT) from the giant Pacific oyster are reported on. The deduced amino-acid sequence of oyster TAUT (oyTAUT) showed 47–51% identity to those of vertebrate TAUT, whereas identity among the vertebrates is 78–95%. Functional analysis of oyTAUT expressed in Xenopus oocytes revealed that oyTAUT has a lower affinity and specificity for taurine and a requirement for higher NaCl concentration, compared with vertebrate TAUT. Taken together with similar functional properties of TAUT from mussel, indicated by our previous study, it is possible that these functional features reflect the internal environment of the molluscs (i.e. higher taurine and NaCl concentrations). Oyster taurine transporter mRNA expression was induced by not only hyper-osmotic stress, similar to other TAUT, but also hypo-osmotic stress. It is speculated that the expression in response to hypo-osmotic stress was induced by a substantial decrease in tissue taurine content following the decrease in the internal osmolality.     

Combined effects of temperature and diet on growth and biochemical composition of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg) spat

Temperature and quality of the available food are important factors that influence the physiology of oysters; however, the combined effects have not been well studied. We evaluated the impacts of the temperature and diet on the growth, survival and biochemical composition in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas spat, cultured in the laboratory for 8 weeks at 23, 26, 29 and 32°C and fed Isochrysis sp.‐Pavlova lutheri (IP) and Dunaliella tertiolecta (Dt). The growth and biochemical composition showed a pattern, which changed in response to rising temperature. The shell length was significantly longer, in spat fed the IP diet, except at 32°C, where both diets produced poor growth results. The survival was <50% after 5 weeks at 32°C, whereas at all other temperatures it was >88%. High temperatures directly increased lipids and saturated fatty acids, while the proteins, carbohydrates and unsaturated fatty acids decreased. High temperatures achieved in the environment, as those reached on clear summer days during low tides, are an important stressor in oyster spat, especially when the quality of the available food is poor.     

Optimizing intertidal Pacific oyster (Thunberg) culture, Houhora Harbour, northern New Zealand

Experiments were designed to determine the optimum intertidal rack height and growing density for producing Pacific oysters free of mudworm infestations and flatworm predators in the Houhora Harbour, northern New Zealand. At the same level, oysters grew to a larger size in the front of the farm (seaward) compared with those towards the rear (shoreward). Two experimental ‘step racks’ were constructed to test for the optimum oyster growth rates, oyster condition, shell density and degree of mudworm shell blistering. When experimental results were ranked for each rack level, extreme low water neap (ELWN) was the optimum growing level for the back of the farm, and 0.25 m above ELWN was the optimum growing level for the front of the farm. An efficient kill of flatworm predators was not achieved by any of the control methods tried, so avoidance of infestations is advised. The optimum density of oysters on a 1.2‐m stick required to achieve maximum condition, shell density and ideal shell shape was 4–5 dozen.     

小蜂对杨圆蚧的趋性及杨圆蚧挥发物分析

采用四臂式嗅觉仪测定了长棒四节蚜小蜂和黄胸扑虱蚜小蜂对杨圆蚧1龄固定若虫的虫体、介壳、虫体与介壳复合体的趋性。结果表明，介壳和虫体与介壳复合体对两种小蜂具有较强的吸引力。两种小蜂对气味源的剂量都比较敏感。采用敢相色谱－质谱联机分析方法，分析了杨圆蚧1龄固定若虫虫体及介壳所释放的挥发性物质的成分和各组分所占比例，分析表明，虫体和介壳中释放出的挥发性物质均含有9个组分，但这9个组分在虫体和介壳挥发物中的比例略有变异。     

贝螺杀对大瓶螺的药效试验

１９９１－１９９３年在室内和田间用贝螺杀对大瓶螺进行了一系列浓度的毒力和药效试验。室内试验在１．４×１０＾－＾４＾０％浓度经２４ｈ螺的死亡率为８７．３３％－８８．３３％，田间试验在１．４×１０＾－＾４＾％浓度２４ｈ螺的死亡率为８３．３３％。     

秘鲁外海茎柔鱼胴长组成及性成熟初步研究

根据2001年6-8月我国鱿钓船对秘鲁外海（79°～90° W、5°～16° S）茎柔鱼资源的调查,对其胴长组成和性成熟作了初步分析.结果表明,渔获物胴长范围为200～880 mm,优势胴长为240～480 mm,约占总数的80%左右.依据胴长组成和性成熟度,调查海域茎柔鱼存在3个群体.雌雄性别比为2.52∶1.00.渔获物中,雄性个体的性成熟度高于雌性,雄性Ⅲ和Ⅳ期占总数84.3%,雌性仅占47.5%.同一性成熟阶段,雌性个体的胴长范围均大于雄性.经估算,雌性和雄性个体的初次性成熟胴长分别为374 mm、228 mm.