木薯抗细菌性枯萎病鉴定技术初报

对各种抗性鉴定接种方法进行比较,结果表明:木薯抗细菌性枯萎病鉴定接种细菌悬浮液适宜浓度为3×107~3×108cfu/mL;抗性鉴定初筛宜采用改良针刺法或剪叶法,而复筛阶段宜用普通针刺法,其他接种方法难以区别品种的抗感反应;接种部位以叶片为宜。     

转Xa23基因水稻的白叶枯病抗性及其遗传分析

在分离克隆抗白叶枯病基因Xa23研究中获得大量转基因水稻材料。为了系统研究转Xa23基因水稻的抗病稳定性和遗传模式, 本文通过逐株进行抗白叶枯病接种鉴定、PCR和Southern blot分子检测, 对一批转Xa23基因水稻植株进行了T₀代到T₂代的跟踪分析。结果表明, Xa23基因的整合和表达, 使感病受体品种牡丹江8号获得抗病性。由于Xa23基因插入受体基因组的位点不同, 同是单拷贝插入的转基因T₀代抗病植株, 其抗病程度有明显差异。T₀代植株的抗病程度, 可以准确、稳定地遗传到T₁代和T₂代。单拷贝转基因植株分离群体的抗感植株分离比接近3∶1, 表明转Xa23基因遵循孟德尔单基因遗传模式。已获得2个纯合的单拷贝转基因抗病株系, 它们的抗病程度稍有差别, 将用于外源基因插入位置效应分析和杂交稻抗病育种。     

Deficit Irrigation of Soya Bean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in a Sub-humid Climate

An experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of different levels of water deficit on yield and crop water requirement of soya beans in a sub‐humid environment (Southern Marmara region, Bursa, Turkey) in 2005 and 2006. One full‐irrigated treatment (T₁), one non‐irrigated treatment (T₅) and three different deficit irrigation (T₂ = 25 % water deficit, T₃ = 50 % water deficit, T₄ = 75 % water deficit) treatments were applied to ‘Nova’ soya bean planted on a clay soil. Non‐irrigated and all deficit irrigation treatments significantly reduced biomass and seed yield and yield components. The full‐irrigated (T₁) treatment had the highest yield (3760 kg ha^?1), while the non‐irrigated (T₅) treatment had the lowest yield (2069 kg ha^?1), a 45.0 % seed yield reduction. T₂, T₃ and T₄ deficit irrigation treatments produced 11.7–27.4 % less seed yield than the T₁ treatment. Harvest index showed less and irregular variation among irrigation treatments. Both leaf area per plant and leaf area index were significantly reduced at all growth stages as amount of irrigation water was decreased. Evapotranspiration increased with increased amounts of irrigation water supplied. Our results indicate that higher amounts of irrigation resulted in higher seed yield, whereas water use efficiency and irrigation water use efficiency values decreased when irrigation amount increased.     

Quantitative resistance to Cercospora leaf spot disease caused by Pseudocercospora cruenta in cowpea

Six populations (Parent 1, Parent 2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2) generated from each of four crosses involving four resistant and two susceptible varieties of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) were evaluated for resistance to Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) disease caused by Pseudocercospora cruenta under induced epiphytotic conditions, in four separate field experiments. Climatic conditions determined the onset of CLS disease in the susceptible cultivar and varied in the four experiments from 35 to 48 days after planting (DAP). Genetic analysis revealed that the mode of inheritance of resistance to P. cruenta can be oligogenic or polygenic depending upon the cross. This is the first report of polygenic inheritance of CLS resistance. Number of nodes infected fitted a simple additive dominance model with predominance of additive effects based on generation mean analysis. Oligogenic resistance was observed for the other three crosses, with the most plausible models being: a single gene model with incomplete dominance in CB27 × IT87D-939-1; a single gene model with complete dominance in CB27 × VRB-10; and a triger model in Los Banos Bush Sitao × IT86D-792, based on segregation analysis of symptomatic : non-symptomatic plants. The role of minor genes was also indicated in the above crosses. Suggested approaches to breeding for resistance to CLS are discussed.     

Introgression of Xa4, Xa7 and Xa21 for resistance to bacterial blight in thermosensitive genetic male sterile rice (Oryza sativa L.) for the development of two-line hybrids

Bacterial blight (BB) of rice caused by X. oryzae pv. oryzae is a major production constraint in commercial hybrid rice production in the Philippines because most of the parental lines used in hybrid production do not carry resistance genes against the pathogen. In this study, three bacterial blight resistance genes, Xa4, Xa7 and Xa21, were introgressed to a temperature-sensitive genetic male sterile (TGMS1) line. A three-way cross of AR32-19-3-3/TGMS1//IRBB4/7 (PR36944) was made to produce 1,364 F₂ plants carrying various combinations of Xa4, Xa7 and Xa21. Individual plants were characterized for reaction to bacterial blight PXO61 (race 1), PXO86 (race 2), PXO99 (race 6) and pollen sterility. Of 144 F₂ plants demonstrating resistance against PXO61, PXO86 and PXO99, 22 exhibited highly resistant phenotypes with mean lesion lengths ranging from 0.37–2.97 cm. Analysis of disease reaction identified 20 potential TGMS F₂ plants containing Xa4, Xa7 and Xa21 while 78 plants with Xa4 + Xa7. Phenotypic and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses confirmed PR36944-450, PR36944-473 and PR36944-700 as homozygous for Xa7 and Xa21 and highly resistant to all three Xoo races. Fertility of PR36944-450 and PR36944-700 was restored at permissive temperature in a growth chamber. BB-resistant TGMS lines should facilitate breeding two-line hybrids in the tropics.     

5种药剂对椰子木蛾的室内毒力测定

椰子木蛾是2013年在中国海南新发现的棕榈科植物入侵害虫,危害严重,对中国南方热带、亚热带棕榈科植物造成严重威胁。为有效控制椰子木蛾的扩散蔓延,保护中国棕榈科植物种植业的蓬勃发展,筛选出对其具有良好防治效果的化学药剂迫在眉睫。笔者采用浸叶法,在室内使用阿维菌素等5种常用药剂对椰子木蛾3龄幼虫进行了毒力测定,分别统计24、48、72h后的椰子木蛾死亡虫数,计算供试药剂不同浓度条件下,椰子木蛾的死亡率、校正死亡率、LC50、毒力回归方程、相关系数和95%置信区间等。结果表明,5种药剂48h后对椰子木蛾的毒力大小顺序依次为毒死蜱(0.82mg/L)＞阿维菌素(0.87mg/L)＞高效氯氰菊酯(1.55mg/L)＞啶虫脒(5.74mg/L)＞吡虫啉(10.35mg/L),阿维菌素和毒死蜱24h和48h的LC50值最小,分别为3.69、0.87mg/L和5.67、0.82mg/L,即这2种药剂对椰子织蛾毒力最高。尽管吡虫啉在72h的LC50最高,但其在24h和48h的LC50均最低,说明椰子木蛾对其敏感性较差。推荐阿维菌素和毒死蜱作为防治该虫的最佳药剂,可为椰子木蛾的田间药剂防治提供参考。     

植物叶面积系数法改进研究

植物叶面积计算是植物野外调查的重要关键内容,由于传统植物叶面积计算公式s=kab中,k值随物种的不同而存在很大差异,往往造成公式应用的困难。为了方便k值的正确选择,收集了具有代表性的9种形态的植物叶片,求出不同形态叶片的k值,为植物叶面积野外调查提供方便。k值计算方法为,利用计算机软件Image Pro Plus 6.0计算了植物叶片的面积、面积与外接矩形的面积比、最大直径、最小直径、宽度与长度共6个参数。借鉴传统植物叶片的分类方法,根据最大直径与最小直径的比值,将叶片分为披针形、长卵形、卵圆形、矩形或圆形4种类型,求出这4种类型叶片的k值分别为1/3,1/2,2/3和5/6。经过试验证明,公式在改进前,叶片面积k值的平均误差接近20%,改进后叶片面积的k值的平均误差仅为4%,叶片面积的估测误差明显降低。按叶形将叶片分类确定k值后,k值的选择方便快速,外业人员只需简单培训就可明显提升野外作业的效率和精度。     

生物可降解地膜对棉花产量及水分利用效率的影响

为了探求华北平原棉花可降解地膜覆盖替代普通膜覆盖的可行性,解决白色污染问题,试验设置4种处理:6 μm PE普通地膜(PE)、8 μm生物可降解地膜(M1)、6 μm生物可降解地膜(M2)及不覆盖地膜(CK),分析比较各处理对棉花出苗率、叶面积指数(LAI)、农田耗水速率、产量及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响.结果表明,与处理CK相比,覆盖地膜显著提高了棉花出苗率,但3种覆膜处理间差异不具有统计学意义;在棉花生育前期,2种生物可降解地膜处理的LAI显著低于PE处理的.3种覆膜处理之间的籽棉产量和霜前花率的差异均不具有统计学意义.3种覆膜处理间WUE的差异不具有统计学意义,但均显著高于CK的.2种生物可降解地膜处理相较于PE,对棉花的出苗率、霜前花率、籽棉产量及WUE的差异均不具有统计学意义.相较于PE,使用6 μm生物可降解膜不会造成棉花耗水量升高,而8 μm可降解膜则显著增加了棉花的耗水量.因此6 μm生物降解膜取代PE膜较好.     

利用多时序激光点云数据提取棉花表型参数方法

当前,能够实现作物表型参数高效、准确的测量和作物生育期表型参数的动态量化研究是表型研究和育种中亟待解决的问题之一。本研究以棉花为研究对象,采用三维激光扫描LiDAR技术获取棉花植株的多时序点云数据,针对棉花植株主干的几何特性,利用随机抽样一致算法（RANSAC）结合直线模型完成主干提取,并对剩余的点云进行区域增长聚类,实现各叶片的分割;在此基础上,完成植株体积、株高、叶长、叶宽等性状参数的估计。针对多时序棉花激光点云数据,采用匈牙利算法完成相邻时序作物点云数据的对齐、叶片器官对应关系的建立。同时,对各植株表型参数动态变化过程进行了量化。本研究针对3株棉花的4个生长点的点云数据,分别完成了主干提取、叶片分割,以及表型参数测量和动态量化。试验结果表明,本研究所采用的主干提取及叶片分割方法能够实现棉花的枝干和叶片分割。提取的株高、叶长、叶宽等表型参数与人工测量值的决定系数均趋近于1.0;同时,本研究实现了棉花表型参数的动态量化过程,为三维表型技术的实现提供了一种有效的方法。     

水培叶菜自动化生产系统

水培叶菜生产具有生长周期短、周转快,经济效益高等特点,在设施栽培中的生产规模不断的扩大。本文分析了水培叶菜生产的特点和自动化生产的需求,通过对国外自动化生产系统的研究,为我国水培叶菜自动化生产提出参考借鉴。