Overview of the use of antimicrobials for the treatment of bacterial infections in horses

Use of antimicrobial drugs is central to the treatment of primary and secondary bacterial infection in horses. When selecting an antimicrobial to treat confirmed or suspected bacterial infection multiple factors should be considered, including: the likely infectious agent; distribution and dosage of selected drugs; mechanisms of action; and potential side effects. Many of these issues will be covered in subsequent articles in this series. The aim of this paper is to aid the clinician in the rational selection of antimicrobials by reviewing the mode of action, spectrum of activity, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, indications and potential side effects of the main classes of antimicrobial drugs. Extralabel use of drugs is common in veterinary medicine due to a lack of licensed products. This increases the importance of a thorough understanding of antimicrobials and their possible adverse effects.     

Temperature-dependent lipid levels and components in polar and temperate eelpout (Zoarcidae)

Total lipid content, lipid classes and fatty acid composition were analysed in tissues from two eelpout species fed on the same diet, the Antarctic Pachycara brachycephalum and the temperate Zoarces viviparus, with the aim of determining the role of lipids in fishes from different thermal habitats. The lipid content increased with decreasing temperature in the liver of both species, suggesting enhanced lipid storage under cold conditions. In P. brachycephalum, lipid composition in the liver and muscle was strongly dominated by triacylglycerols between 0 and 6°C. In contrast, in the temperate species, lipid class composition changed with changes in the temperature. When acclimatized to 4 and 6°C Z. viviparus not only displayed a shift to lipid anabolism and pronounced lipid storage, as indicated by high triacylglycerol levels, but also a shift to patterns of cold adaptation, as reflected by an increased content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the lipid extract. Unsaturated fatty acids were also abundant in the Antarctic eelpout, but when compared to Z. viviparus at the same temperatures, the latter had significantly higher ratios of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid levels, whereas the Antarctic eelpout showed significantly higher ratios of monounsaturated to saturated fatty acid levels. High δ-¹⁵N values of the Antarctic eelpout reflect the high trophic level of this scavenger in the Weddell Sea food web. Stable carbon values suggest that lipid-enriched prey forms a major part of its diet. The strategy to accumulate storage lipids in the cold is interpreted to be adaptive behaviour at colder temperatures and during periods of irregular, pulsed food supply.     

樟子松优良采种林分划分方法的研究

本文将林木树种单株选优原则和方法运用到林木群体选择和划分上。注意林木单株的数量指标(生长量指标)和质量指标(形质指标)的结合;把对林木生长量有直接关系的形质指标,作为单株评价的一部分,考虑在单株选择之中,作为提高单株选优质量和准确性的根据。由此将林分树木划分为4级,再根据4级林木的比例而对林分进行分级。进而划分了种子林分,这对当前采种基地的划分和建立有着重要参考价值。     

论近代湖南绅士的群体结构及其社会影响

湖南绅士是中国近代史上颇具影响力的特殊社会群体.由于它崛起于湘军镇压太平天国的特殊历史时期,因而其群体结构极为复杂,不仅有传统的功名绅士,辞官退职的乡居绅士以及部分捐纳绅士,而且还出现了大批军功绅士和世袭爵职绅士,从而造成了湖南"绅权大于官权"的反常局面.     

Seasonal and land-use induced variations of soil macrofauna composition in the Western Ghats, southern India

Soil macrofauna was surveyed in six sites characterised by different vegetation types on five occasions in the Western Ghats, India. Sampling sites included a primary forest, a weakly disturbed forest (slightly logged in the past), a highly disturbed forest (intensively logged), an Acacia auriculiformis plantation (8 years old), a pasture with high density of Phoenix humilis and a pasture without P. humilis. We showed that both land management and temporal variability induced significant changes in the soil macrofauna. Forest sites hosted larger densities of soil macroorganisms. The effect of seasons was apparent as some clear modifications in the fauna composition occurred. Some groups like earthworms mainly exhibited temporal variability whereas others like millipedes were chiefly affected by land management options. The seasonal rhythms of soil macrofauna were poorly expressed in the pasture plots and the Acacia plantation, but were particularly clear in the forest sites. This interaction between land management and temporal patterns may be explained by some changes in the species composition associated with certain land-uses. Our approach was based on a between-within classes PCA that proved particularly useful by providing statistical tests and a hierarchy of land management and temporal rhythm effects.     

The 5S rRNA gene sequence variation in wheats and some polyploid wheat progenitors (Poaceae: Triticeae)

We have cloned and sequenced 115 repeat units of the 5S rDNA genes and spacers from wheat (Triticum) and the polyploid wheat progenitor, Aegilops, and analyzed them together with sequences available in GenBank® (National Center for Biotechnology Information, NCBI, NLM, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA). We were able to assort the sequences into nine orthologous groups which we call unit classes. The following unit classes were assigned to haplomes, and labeled accordingly: long A1, short A1, short A2, long G1, short G1, long D1, short D1, long S1 and short S1. The AA-genome, DD-genome and SS-genome species were each found to contain a long and a short class. The AAGG-genome species T. timopheevii and the AAA^tA^tGG-genome species T. zhukovskyi, both contain the long A1, long G1 and short G1 unit classes. The AABB-genome species T. turgidum consists of the short A2, a unit class not yet found in T. monococcum, and the long S1 unit class found in the species of Aegilops section Sitopsis. The bread wheat AABBDD-genome contains the long A1, short A2, long D1, long S1 and short G1 unit classes. The presence of the long S1, also demonstrated to occur in both T. turgidum and T. aestivum, supports the hypothesis that the progenitor of the B-haplome in wheat originated in Aegilops section Sitopsis. The presence of the short G1 unit class, i.e. the G-haplome in bread wheat, is unexpected. These new findings are discussed in the light of published findings, especially those relating to 5S DNA loci and evolutionary hypotheses.     

Nursery growth, survival and chemical composition of great scallop Pecten maximus (L.) spat from different larval settlement groups

Scallop Pecten maximus spat (1.3–2.1 mm shell height) from different settlement groups were transferred from hatchery to land‐based nursery at different ages and sizes. Chemical content, growth and survival were compared at transfer time and after 1 and 8 weeks of nursery growth. Growth was lowest and mortality highest in the first week after transfer. Mean shell height growth was 21.5–71.4 μm day^?1 and ash‐free dry weight (AFDW) growth ?2.7 to 10.3 μg day^?1. Spat from the first settlement group attained a larger size and weight than spat from larvae settled 3 days later, but had a lower daily growth rate (%). Keeping the late‐settled spat a longer time in the hatchery to reach a bigger size before transfer seemed not to improve subsequent nursery growth. Survival showed a large variation with mean survival ranging from 32% to 74%. A substantial reduction in lipid content was found after transfer to the nursery. Sterol content at transfer was the only lipid class correlating with survival in the nursery. Based on the results, it is justified that spat groups of different settlement age are included in production of 15‐mm great scallop spat if they are transferred from the hatchery at the same age.     

谁是先进生产力的代表

只有工人阶级才是先进生产力的始终代表。其他阶级只能在特定时期、特定领域、特定方面、特定环节上成为先进生产力的代表。     

Differential composition in the age of mates in Bonelli’s eagle populations: The role of spatial scale, non-natural mortality reduction, and the age classes definition

Monitoring of the age of mates, a method proposed to detect early warning signals for demographic trends in long-lived bird populations, showed different patterns when the study was performed on a single Bonelli’s eagle subpopulation of Andalusia (South of Spain) than when the whole region is taken into account. In this respect, we discuss the role of the spatial scale, the origin of reduction in non-natural mortality and the definition of the used age classes. For a correct monitoring of the age of mates in the Bonelli’s eagle, we propose the two age classes previously suggested, adult and non-adult, but paying particular attention to the late subadult individuals, specially when the monitoring is performed in a wide region by different field work groups. Likewise, it is necessary for monitoring age of breeders in long-lived species with deferred maturity to collect data from a sample well distributed over space, taking regularly into account pairs from the edge and from the centre of population. Besides, it is important to monitor those subpopulations with different known threats, providing them their relative importance among the whole population. Finally, conventional monitoring of the age of mates seems to generally be a reliable way to predict viability changes of bird populations, except when adult by adult replacements take place by reduction in juvenile mortality.