模拟秋冬保护地条件下不同基因型菠菜氮素利用及硝酸盐累积特点研究

模拟秋冬保护地栽培条件下,利用盆栽试验研究了6个不同基因型菠菜品种(菠杂10、菠杂15、菠杂18、菠杂冠能、元菠和尖抗)在不同氮素供应水平(0、5、10、20、30mgN·kg-1土)下氮素利用及硝酸盐累积特点。结果表明,不同基因型品种间产量、全氮含量、吸氮量、硝酸盐含量及硝态氮占植株全氮比例等均存在很大的差异,且这些差异因氮素供应水平的变化而有所不同,表现为品种间上述指标的平均变异程度(CV,%)随氮素供应水平的增加而明显减小,其中品种间硝酸盐含量CV变化幅度最大,由不施氮时的62%锐减为施氮30mgN·kg-1土时的14%。本试验条件下,若仅以硝酸盐含量作评价,元菠为硝酸盐累积程度最低的品种,但若以产量、硝酸盐累积二指标综合评价,则菠杂15应为6品种中最适宜秋冬季生产的品种。6个供试品种硝酸盐含量及硝态氮占全氮的比例均随氮供应水平的增加而显著增加。实际生产中选择降低菠菜硝酸盐措施时应将降低氮肥用量及选择低硝酸盐累积的品种同时加以考虑,二者不可偏废。     

甘蔗不同基因型愈伤组织生化性状的研究

通过甘蔗心叶的组织培养，研究了11个甘蔗基因型的愈伤组织的10个生化性状的差异，把这些生化性状与甘蔗在大田种植条件下的田间锤度、蔗茎产量进行了相关分析．结果表明，愈伤组织干物质含量、还原糖含量、蔗糖含量、总糖含量、蛋白质含量、酸性转化酶活性、中性转化酶活性、多酚氧化酶活性、过氧化物酶活性、硝酸还原酶活性在不同基因型问都存在显著的差异；愈伤组织的干物质含量与产量有显著的正相关关系，还原糖含量、酸性转化酶活性和多酚氧化酶活性与田间锤度都有显著的负相关关系．     

Corn Genotypic Variation Effects on Seedling Emergence and Leaf Appearance for Short-Season Areas

Identifying corn ( Zea mays L.) genotypes with faster rates of seedling emergence and leaf appearance is important in developing a corn crop with earlier canopy closure and better seasonal light interception. A greenhouse experiment was conducted twice to investigate whether corn genotypes known to vary in canopy architecture and yield potential differed in rates of seedling emergence and leaf appearance. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design utilizing seven genotypes: five of the newly developed Leafy reduced-stature (LRS) types (LRS1, LRS2, LRS3, LRS4 and LRS5), one conventional type [Pioneer 3979 (P3979)], and one late-maturing big-leaf (LMBL) type. Five seeds were planted in each pot and seedling emergence was recorded every day until all seeds emerged. Leaf appearance was recorded from seedling emergence until the plants reached anthesis. There was variability among the genotypes for both seedling emergence and leaf appearance rate. Mean seedling emergence values of greater than 90 % were achieved by four of the five LRS genotypes, and the LRS types generally emerged more rapidly than the others. Leaf appearance rate showed linear increases over time; however, LRS genotypes (in particular LRS3, LRS4 and LRS5) had more rapid leaf appearance rates than the others. The LMBL hybrid ranked last for both seedling emergence (<80 %) and leaf appearance rate. Rapid seedling emergence and leaf appearance by early-maturing genotypes (LRS and P3979, especially LRS) may help these types of genotypes achieve earlier canopy closure and better use of the light available during the growing season, which is critical in a short growing season environment.     

Root-released organic acids and phosphorus uptake of two barley cultivars in laboratory and field experiments

A major portion of phosphorus (P) applied as fertilizers is bound in soils as P compounds of variable adsorption strength, reducing the effectiveness of P fertilization. Plant genotypes equipped with mechanisms for utilizing the adsorbed P more efficiently can, therefore, enhance the effectiveness of P fertilization. Such genotypes will also enrich plant gene pools for further analysis and upgrading of P efficiency by selection and breeding. We studied the variation and the mechanisms of P uptake of two winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars Marinka and Sonate (parents of existing 200 haploid progeny lines), by laboratory and field experiments. After cultivation in nutrient solution for 21 days, Marinka produced more roots than Sonate, but similar amounts of dry shoots of lower P content (Marinka 3.4±0.4 mg g⁻¹, Sonate 4.9±0.6 mg g⁻¹). The total P uptake per plant did not differ between the cultivars. Marinka retained more P in roots as indicated by the higher concentration of P in the roots (Marinka 3.9±0.3 mg g⁻¹ and Sonate 3.0±0.4 mg g⁻¹). In sterile nutrient solution culture, the cultivars differed mainly in release of organic acids from the roots, with Marinka releasing three times more citric acid and nearly two times more acetic acid than Sonate. The cultivars had similar root hair lengths and they did not differ (P>0.05) in depletion of available soil P fraction (extracted with 0.5 M NaHCO₃) in the rhizosphere. Marinka absorbed nearly twice as much P from the strongly adsorbed soil P fraction (extracted with 0.1M NaOH). Also under field conditions, Marinka absorbed more P and produced more shoot dry matter. The higher P uptake by Marinka than Sonate can be attributed to its ability to acquire P from strongly adsorbed soil P by releasing more organic acids, especially citric acid, from its roots.     

Independent target region amplification polymorphism and single‐nucleotide polymorphism marker utility in genetic evaluation of sugarcane genotypes

The independent target region amplification polymorphism (TRAP) and single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker s were used for genetic evaluation of different selected 47 sugarcane genotypes. A total of 23 pairs of TRAP markers generated 925 alleles, of which 74% alleles were polymorphic. Polymorphism was generally high (>50%), ranging from 54 to 98%. The polymorphism information content (PIC) values 0.20 varied among the primer combination ranging from 0.17 in SAI + Arbi 2 to 0.31 in GL 2+ Arbi 1 with an average of 0.24. However, the Pearson correlation between PIC and power of discrimination (PD) was found to be less significant. Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms were used first time for the assessment of genetic diversity among different species of Saccharum and cultivated sugarcane varieties. The SNPs were detected from 454 sequencing. A total of 245 SNP markers were assayed across the 47 genotypes, and 167 SNPs were found to be polymorphic. The PIC values ranged from 0.04 to 0.38 with an average of 0.21, and their respective PD varied from 0.58 to 0.04 with an average value of 0.31. The obtained results relatively significant were compared with the other marker systems through genetic similarity and the clusters formed in different unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean clustering dendrogram. The clustering analysis established genetic relationship in the order of Erianthus > Sclerostachya > Narenga > Saccharum spontaneum > S. robustum > S. barberi > S. officinarum/cultivars. These results ratify TRAP and SNP marker systems for assessing genetic diversity studies, and more diversified Erianthus spp. can contribute substantially towards sugarcane varietal improvement through breeding with Saccharum spp. or hybrid cultivars.     

Growth response of the salt-sensitive and the salt-tolerant sugarcane genotypes to potassium nutrition under salt stress

Adequate regulation of mineral nutrients plays a fundamental role in sustaining crop productivity and quality under salt stress. We investigated the ameliorative role of potassium (K as K₂SO₄) in overcoming the detrimental effects of sodium chloride (NaCl) on sugarcane genotypes differing in salt tolerance. Four levels of NaCl (0, 100, 130 and 160 mM) were imposed in triplicate on plants grown in gravel by supplying 0 and 3 mM K. The results revealed that application of NaCl significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased sodium (Na⁺) but decreased K⁺ concentrations in shoots and roots of both genotypes with a resultant decrease in K⁺/Na⁺ ratios. Physical growth parameters and juice quality were also markedly reduced with increasing NaCl concentrations compared with controls. However, addition of K alleviated the deleterious effects of NaCl and improved plant growth under salt stress. Cane yield and yield attributes of both genotypes were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher where K was added. Juice quality was also significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved with the application of K at various NaCl levels. The results suggested that added K interfered with Na⁺, reduced its uptake and accumulation in plant tissues and consequently improved plant growth and juice quality in sugarcane.     

Responses of aerobically grown iron chlorosis tolerant and susceptible rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes to soil iron management in an Inceptisol

Iron deficiency is a serious nutritional disorder in aerobic rice, causing chlorosis, poor yields and reduced grain nutritional quality. The problem can be managed by complementing the use of Fe-efficient plant type with a suitable Fe management strategy. In the present paper, we report the effect of eight iron management practices to resolve the problem of iron (Fe) chlorosis through the use of an iron deficiency tolerant (IDTR) and iron deficiency susceptible (IDSR) rice genotype, i.e. Pusa 33 and ADT 39, respectively. Fe deficiency tolerance of these genotypes was related to the root release of PS which enabled a higher uptake of Fe in the IDTR than the IDSR under Fe deficiency. In general, IDTR performed better than the IDSR as evident from a significant increase in total iron, active iron, chlorophyll content and grain and straw yield. IDSR produced the highest grain and straw yield under slow iron release nano clay complex source. Grain Fe content of the IDTR and IDSR increased by 18.9 and 13.4%, respectively, under recommended dose of Fe. The results identified the most effective soil management strategies for the alleviating Fe deficiency chlorosis and improving Fe nutrition of both IDTR and IDSR genotypes.     

Characterization and selection for phosphorus deficiency tolerance in 99 spring wheat genotypes in Montana

Phosphorus (P) deficiency in soil is a common spring wheat production-limiting factor in Montana. In a pot experiment, three groups of spring wheat genotypes based on source (association mapping, 2016 off-station, and nested association mapping) were grown in 5 (P5) and 30 (P30) mg P kg^?1 potting mix conditions and screened for P deficiency tolerance. Plant height, tiller and head number, grain yields per pot measured were significantly different between P5 and P30 conditions (p?<?.05). Spring wheat genotypes: Unity, Peace, Vida, Reeder, CLTR 15134, ONeal and Fortuna yielded more grains, and equally took up more P in P5 conditions, revealing some degree of P deficiency tolerance. The genetic variability identified in this study for grain yields and P uptake could be used in wheat improvement programs for selecting genotypes with low P tolerance in P deficient soils as well as in organic spring wheat production.     

不同基因型大豆生长和结瘤对羟基磷灰石的吸收利用

以来源于东北、西北和南方的15个不同基因型大豆品种作为供试材料,利用砂培培养方法,研究不同基因型大豆利用钙磷的差异。结果表明,钙磷对西北大豆生物量的促进作用最大,其次是南方品种,最后是东北品种。与东北品种比较,西北品种和南方品种生物量分别较东北品种增加32.9%和26.9%。垦农18、垦98-602和黑豆分别与相同来源的其它4个基因型大豆生物量达到5%的差异显著水平。通过比较和方差分析认为,钙磷对促进大豆根生物量增加比对地上部生物量增加的作用大。钙磷对南方和西北大豆根瘤形成的影响比东北的大。钙磷对南方大豆根瘤干重的促进作用最大,其次是东北大豆,最后是西北大豆。然而,方差分析表明,垦农18根瘤干重与东北的其它4个品种差异达到5%显著水平;西北的5个品种根瘤干重未达到差异显著水平;安选普定皂角豆的根瘤干重与其它4个南方品种差异达到5%的显著水平。相同来源的大豆地上部含磷量的平均值进行比较,东北品种地上部含磷量最高,达到2.23gkg-1,西北品种为2.14gkg-1,南方品种仅含有1.69gkg-1;根系含磷量是南方品种最高,达到2.03g kg-1,西北品种为1.66g kg-1,东北品种仅含有1.57g kg-1;根瘤含磷是西北品种最高,达到4.62g kg-1,东北品种为3.80g kg-1,南方品种为3.89g kg-1。不同来源大豆基因型根际pH差异较大,5个品种根际pH的平均值相比较,东北大豆根际pH最高,为6.17,其次是南方大豆为6.01,最低的是西北大豆,pH为5.81。方差分析表明,无论哪种来源的大豆,各品种根际pH都未达到差异显著水平。钙磷利用效率由高到低的顺序是南方、西北和东北品种,分析认为磷素利用效率并不能完全代表作物对钙磷的利用差异,综合作物对磷的吸收累积量将更有代表性。     

石灰性土壤上不同小麦基因型对施锌的反应

为比较石灰性土壤上面包型小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)对施锌的反应,选择20种小麦基因型在温室中进行了土培试验。结果表明,在杨凌当地土壤有效锌含量水平(0.6 mg kg-1左右)下,施Zn对供试基因型小麦植株生长量均无明显影响,由于小麦根冠比主要受基因型控制,施锌对它的影响也很小。然而,供Zn显著提高了所有基因型小麦植株各部分的Zn含量和吸Zn量,根、茎、叶、籽粒中Zn含量增加幅度分别达0.22～3.22倍、0.26～2.82倍、0.10～3.84倍、0.10～0.84倍,整株吸Zn量均大幅度增加,幅度在28.8%～219.3%之间,平均增加104.8%。施Zn后不同基因型的Zn转运率有明显差异,范围在13.5%～90.2%之间,收获籽粒的6种基因型小麦对锌的转运率明显高于其它正处于抽穗期的基因型,表明灌浆期是Zn从根部向穗部转运的关键时期。施锌也显著提高了土壤有效锌含量。总之,对生长在有效锌含量不高的石灰性土壤上的小麦施锌是改善其营养品质的重要措施。