山西苹果茎痘病毒遗传多样性分析

苹果茎痘病毒是苹果安全生产的巨大威胁,严重影响苹果产量和质量。探讨苹果茎痘病毒(Apple stem pitting virus, ASPV)在山西省的分布、变异和多样性,可为制定可持续的病毒管理策略提供理论依据。从山西省11个地区采集苹果叶片样品进行RT-PCR检测。结合在线数据库,利用相关软件对文中研究获得的序列进行系统发育、遗传多样性、重组以及种群遗传分化等分析。RT-PCR检测结果显示从山西省11个地区采集的409份苹果叶片样品中,ASPV的检出率为36.33%(临漪)至55.37%(平遥)。选择15个ASPV检测为阳性的样品,分别克隆其CP基因并与22个不同的ASPV分离物进行核苷酸和氨基酸一致性分析,发现37个ASPV分离物的核酸一致率为70.27～96.31%,氨基酸一致率为37.04～96.64%,其中,Shanxi-2与JX673826.1的核酸一致率最高,为90.86%, Shanxi-2与MN617853.1的核酸一致率最低,为70.40%。基于CP的进化树分析结果显示37个ASPV分离物被划分为2个进化群体。遗传多样性分析结果表明ASPV种群发生了收缩,且在两个...     

中国小麦农家品种‘老白麦’抗条锈性遗传分析

小麦条锈病是小麦生产上重要的气传叶部病害。不断发掘和利用新抗源是持续控制条锈病流行危害的重要基础研究工作。‘老白麦’是我国小麦农家品种,对我国当前主要流行小种和致病类型均表现为高抗水平。本研究采用常规杂交分析方法,对‘老白麦’及其与感病品种‘Taichung 29’的杂交后代在成株期和苗期分别接种CYR32号小种和CYR33号小种,进行抗条锈性鉴定和统计分析。结果表明,‘老白麦’对CYR33号小种在苗期和成株期均表现近免疫,其全生育期抗条锈性由1对显性基因控制;对CYR32号小种在成株期表现近免疫,苗期表现高感,成株抗条锈性由1对显性基因控制,属细胞核遗传。研究结果表明‘老白麦’至少含有2对显性抗病基因,分别控制‘老白麦’对CYR33号小种的全生育期抗性和对CYR32号小种的成株抗性。基因推导分析认为‘老白麦’对CYR33的全生育期抗性基因可能为未知新基因。建议在抗病育种中加以有效合理利用,促进小麦品种中抗病基因多样化布局。     

小麦抗源武汉2号和品冬34的抗条锈性遗传分析

为明确小麦品种武汉2号和品冬34对小麦条锈菌流行小种的抗病性及抗病遗传规律,用小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR29、CYR31、CYR32、CYR33以及致病类型Su11-4、Su11-5、Su11-11、PST-Ch42在苗期接种小麦品种武汉2号和品冬34进行抗病性鉴定,并用武汉2号和品冬34分别与感病亲本铭贤169进行杂交,对F₂群体和F_2：3家系在温室进行苗期遗传分析。结果表明：武汉2号对CYR29和CYR32表现感病,对其它小种和致病型均表现抗病,且对CYR31的抗性由1对隐性基因控制;品冬34对所测试的小种和致病类型均表现高抗,且对CYR32的抗性由1对显性基因控制。     

玉蜀黍赤霉有性重组体的诱导及其生物学特性

 本研究以硝酸盐营养缺陷型突变体(nit)和多菌灵抗性为遗传标记,在5个所选菌株中设计了3个玉蜀黍赤霉病菌Gibberella zeae的杂交组合,使各菌株之间进行杂交,从而诱导有性重组体。从各杂交组合的后代中任意挑选出3个有性重组体,比较了这些有性重组体与其亲本在无性和有性阶段的主要生物学性状。结果表明,玉蜀黍赤霉中的nit基因及对杀菌剂多菌灵的抗药性基因可以通过有性杂交的方式重组,即发生了有性重组。有性重组体与其亲本在菌落生长、培养性状和致病性方面没有显著差异;但某些有性重组体中,产孢量和产子囊壳能力方面存在一定差异。总体看来,有性重组体仍然保持了较高的适合度。因此,可以认为有性重组在玉蜀黍赤霉群体对多菌灵抗药性发生发展以及群体遗传进化中可能起着重要的作用。     

响应面法优化黑盖木层孔菌菌丝体液体发酵培养基研究

应用Plackett-Burman设计法对影响液体发酵黑盖木层孔菌菌丝体产量的培养基组分进行筛选,确定影响菌丝体产量的关键因素为玉米粉、麸皮和VB1。在此基础上,采用最陡爬坡试验结合Box-Behnken响应面法优化黑盖木层孔菌液体发酵培养基。结果表明:当培养基组分中玉米粉为65 g/L、麸皮为49.31 g/L、VB1为214.61μg/L时,菌丝体产量预测值为10.75 g/L,最佳条件下菌丝体产量可达11.16 g/L,预测值与验证值吻合得较好。     

Genetic diversity of Pueraria lobata (kudzu) and closely related taxa as revealed by inter-simple sequence repeat analysis

Kudzu (Pueraria lobata) is a noxious weed infesting some areas of the USA. Knowledge of its genetic variation in both native and invasive areas can lead to effective biological control measures. Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) variations were studied in P. lobata and its four closely related congeneric species (P. edulis, P. montana, P. phaseoloides and P. thomsoni). ISSR results allowed a clear separation of these five species. For P. lobata, 108 plants from China and USA were analysed. The samples from the US were genetically closer to Chinese P. lobata populations than to other congeneric populations. High genetic differentiation was found for P. lobata, P. montana and P. thomsoni in Chinese samples. High genetic diversity and low population differentiation was found in P. lobata samples of the US. This supports the hypothesis of multiple introductions into the USA from different sources in Japan or China, followed by subsequent gene exchange and recombination.     

热应激对鸡新城疫疫苗免疫效果的影响

本试验利用伊莎蛋雏鸡,分别接种新城疫油乳剂灭活苗和Ｎ－７９弱毒苗,油乳剂灭活苗免疫的各试验组抗体滴度稍有下降,与对照组间无明显的差异;Ｎ－７９弱毒苗免疫的各试验组,高温处理２４小时的雏鸡,抗体滴度稍低于对照组,但无明显差异;而高温处理４８小时的各组,抗体滴度均显著低于对照组（ｐ＜０．０５）。     

四个绵羊品种MHC-DQA1基因exonⅡ多态性分析

为了比较和揭示洼地绵羊、杜泊羊、小尾寒羊及特克赛尔绵羊4个绵羊品种MHC-DQA1基因的遗传多态性,采用PCR-RFLP技术对4个绵羊品种224个样本的MHC-DQA1基因exonⅡ的315 bp片段进行多态性分析;并对基因型频率和等位基因频率进行统计,运用Popgen32软件计算相应的遗传参数.结果表明,AluI-R...     

奶牛育种中关注的新性状

各国奶牛群体的选育目标建立之后,选育目标一直在不断发展,选择指数中性状的组成、定义和权重等都在不断变化。奶牛的选育是从关注产奶性能而开始,随后增加了体型外貌性状。由于奶牛的健康和繁殖问题的增加以及社会对动物福利的不断关注,20世纪末,世界范围内平衡育种理念在奶牛育种中逐渐形成,一些重要的功能性状加入各国的选择指数中;进入21世纪后,随着奶牛养殖业和社会的发展,育种家们开始关注和研究更多的性状,部分新性状已经开始在育种实践中选育应用。本文通过整理奶牛育种中有关新性状的研究并收集各国奶牛选育方案中的相关信息,综述了近十年奶业发达国家在奶牛遗传选育中正在研究或已经开始应用的新性状,并将这些新性状分为生产效率相关的新性状、应对环境挑战的新性状、健康福利相关的新性状、产品和加工相关的新性状及管理相关的新性状五大类,总结了这些性状的选育背景、定义方法、遗传基础和选育应用情况等,最后还总结了奶牛育种中新性状的研究应用过程,以期为我国奶牛遗传育种研究和育种目标完善提供一定的借鉴。     

Selection on multiple QTL with control of gene diversity and inbreeding for long-term benefit

The purpose of this study was to develop and investigate selection strategies that aim at maximizing long-term genetic response while conserving gene diversity and controlling inbreeding in populations of limited effective size, assuming complete knowledge of all genes affecting a quantitative trait. Three selection strategies were proposed to select on 100 quantitative trait loci (QTL) and compared with truncation selection on breeding value. Alternative selection strategies aimed at maximizing the average breeding value of parents with a penalty on (1) the number of unfavourable QTL genotypes among parents (OS-I), (2) the negative of the logarithm of the frequency of the favourable allele at each QTL among parents (OS-II), and (3) the average pedigree relationship among parents (OS-III). When all QTL and their effects were known, the strategies examined were able to obtain extra long-term responses, conserve QTL diversity and reduce inbreeding, compared with truncation selection. Strategy OS-II was the most effective in conserving QTL diversity and OS-III in reducing inbreeding. By changing the magnitude of the penalties applied, the impact on long-term response, inbreeding and diversity can be controlled. Extra long-term responses over truncation selection of OS-I and OS-II were even greater when effects of QTL were estimated rather than assumed known, indicating the applicability of results to practical strategies for marker-assisted selection. Extra responses are expected to be reduced for larger population sizes.