华南优质杂交水稻品种选育与发展

本文针对华南广东、广西优质杂交稻育种的两个阶段进行了综述。第1个阶段为中等直链淀粉含量优质杂交稻发展阶段,育成了粒型较好、心腹白较少、透明度好的博A、秋A、美A、粤泰A、天丰A、五丰A、荣丰A和吉丰A等8个不育系,并利用其配组育成博优998、天优998、五优308等中等直链淀粉含量的优质杂交稻品种149个通过审定。此外,还利用两系不育系培矮64S配组育成培杂双七、培杂泰丰等9个中等直链淀粉含量的优质两系杂交稻品种通过审定。第2个阶段为低直链淀粉含量的优质杂交稻发展阶段,育成了粤丰A、泰丰A、野香A、广8A、丰田1A等15个优质不育系,并利用其配组育成泰丰优208、野香优莉丝、丰田优553等低直链淀粉含量优质杂交稻品种212个通过审定。同时,利用五山丝苗、粤农丝苗、五山油占等8个高产抗病兼用型优质常规稻作恢复系和优质恢复系华占与丙4114配组育成175个低直链淀粉含量优质杂交稻品种通过审定。从2015年开始,在每年的全国年推广面积前十大品种中,由华南直接育成或利用华南亲本合作育成的杂交稻品种占到一半以上,为我国优质籼稻产业发展发挥了巨大作用。最后还讨论了当前华南优质杂交稻存在问题和今后育种的发展方向。     

ISSR-Based Molecular Characterization of an Elite Germplasm Collection of Sweet Potato （Ipomoea batatas L.） in China

To determine the genetic diversity and population structure of sweet potato accessions cultivated in China, and to establish the genetic relationships among their germplasm types, a representative collection of 240 accessions was analyzed using inter-simple sequence repeat （ISSR） markers. The mean genetic similarity coefifcient, Nei’s gene diversity, and shared allele distance of tested sweet potato accessions were 0.7302, 0.3167 and 0.2698, respectively. The 240 accessions could be divided into six subgroups and ifve subpopulations based on neighbor-joining （NJ） clustering and STRUCTURE results, and obvious genetic relationships among the tested sweet potato accessions were identiifed. The marker-based NJ clustering and population structure showed no distinct assignment pattern corresponding to lfesh color or geographical ecotype of the tested sweet potato germplasm. Analysis of molecular variance （AMOVA） revealed small but signiifcant difference between white and orange-lfeshed sweet potato accessions. Small but signiifcant difference were also observed among sweet potato accessions from the Southern summer-autumn sweet potato region, the Yellow River Basin spring and summer sweet potato region and the Yangtze River Basin summer sweet potato region. This study demonstrates that genetic diversity in the tested sweet potato germplasm collection in China is lower than that in some reported sweet potato germplasm collections from other regions. Pedigree investigations suggest that more diverse Chinese sweet potato varieties should be formed by broadening the selection scope of breeding parents and incorporating the introduced varieties into future breeding programs.     

Molecular Mapping of a Stripe Rust Resistance Gene YrH9020a Transferred from Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng on Wheat Chromosome 6D

Stripe rust （yellow rust）, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici （Pst）, is one of the most devastating diseases of wheat throughout the world. H9020-1-6-8-3 is a translocation line originally developed from interspeciifc hybridization between wheat line 7182 and Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng and is resistant to most Pst races in China. To identify the resistance gene（s） in the translocation line, H9020-1-6-8-3 was crossed with susceptible cultivar Mingxian 169, and seedlings of the parents, F1, F2, F3, and BC1 generations were tested with prevalent Chinese Pst race CYR32 under controlled greenhouse conditions. The results indicated that there is a single dominant gene, temporarily designated as YrH9020a, conferring resistance to CYR32. The resistance gene was mapped by the F2 population from Mingxian 169/H9020-1-6-8-3. It was linked to six microsatellite markers, including Xbarc196, Xbarc202, Xbarc96, Xgpw4372, Xbarc21, and Xgdm141, lfanked by Xbarc96 and Xbarc202 with at 4.5 and 8.3 cM, respectively. Based on the chromosomal locations of these markers and the test of Chinese Spring （CS） nullitetrasomic and ditelosomic lines, the gene was assigned to chromosome 6D. According to the origin and the chromosomal location, YrH9020a might be a new resistance gene to stripe rust. The lfanking markers linked to YrH9020a could be useful for marker-assisted selection in breeding programs.     

道地产区不同牛膝种群的遗传多样性分析

【目的】对道地产区河南8个野生牛膝种群叶绿体基因psbA-trnH序列的变化进行分析,研究牛膝种群的遗传多样性,为牛膝野生种群的保护提供依据。【方法】选取河南8个野生牛膝种群(信阳鸡公山种群、信阳灵山种群、南阳淮源种群、南阳大乘山种群、洛阳龙峪湾种群、南阳老界岭种群、新乡九莲山种群、新乡万仙山种群)为材料,PCR扩增其叶绿体多态性片段psbA-trnH,分析其在供试8个牛膝野生种群中的差异,并据此分析各种群的遗传多样性。【结果】从8个牛膝种群的叶绿体片段中得到6个单倍型(Ⅰ~Ⅵ),其中单倍型Ⅰ为祖先单倍型,与其他单倍型仅差1个突变步。牛膝单倍型多样性指数为0.594,核苷酸多样性指数为2.13×10-3。牛膝种群遗传距离与地理距离之间不存在正相关关系。淮源种群的遗传多样性最高,且有特殊的基因型Ⅱ和Ⅴ;九莲山种群具有特殊的基因型Ⅵ。【结论】道地产区河南野生牛膝种群的遗传多样性相对较低;淮源种群与九莲山种群应该作为保护单元受到更多的重视。     

大数据背景下木材科学与工程专业人才培养的路径探索

随着大数据时代的到来,高等学校专业人才培养路径有了新的探索方向,木材科学与工程专业同样需要属于自己的、创新的人才培养路径.文章论述了大数据化专业人才培养的意义、前景及路径探索,并对人才的测评体系和认证制度提出意见.     

卡拉白鱼人工繁育及池塘养殖试验研究

[目的]探讨卡拉白鱼在辽宁地区的人工繁殖、苗种培育和池塘养殖技术.[方法] 2012年开始在辽宁省铁岭养殖基地进行卡拉白鱼人工繁育及池塘养殖试验.[结果]引进卡拉白鱼种鱼400对,催产后人工繁殖的仔鱼经过110 d培育后平均体长达6.65 cm,平均体质量达3.10g;春片经过135 d培育后平均体长达到14.50 cm,平均体质量达到28.50 g.在0.18 hm2池塘投入3龄苗种1.0万尾,经过132 d培育后平均体长达23.80 cm,平均体质量达123.90 g,出塘商品鱼的产量为6 600 kg/hm2,出塘率为96.0％,饵料系数1.8.特定生长率（SGR）和日增重（AWG）在6～8月较高,主要是因为适宜的水温、水质环境和合理的投饲方法,3龄即可达到100 g以上的食用标准.[结论]卡拉白鱼在6～8月生长较快.     

提高环境工程专业硕士研究生实践能力的对策研究

针对当前环境工程专业硕士研究生实践教学培养过程中存在的人才培养方案中实践教学设置偏少、校外实习基地短缺及实践导师匮乏等问题,提出了提高环境工程专业硕士生实践能力的相关对策,以期提高环境工程专业硕士研究生的培养质量.     

工程应用型食品科学与工程专业实践教学体系构建研究

基于齐鲁工业大学应用型人才的培养目标,以食品科学与工程专业为例,探讨了“三模块多层次”的实践教学体系对培养适合地方经济和社会发展需要的工程应用型人才起到的重要作用.     

培养食品科学与工程类卓越农林人才的实践教学平台建设

对食品科学与工程类本科生实践教学环节的改革进行研究和探索,分析了该类专业实践教学现状及存在的问题,并根据该专业的特点和卓越农林人才的培养标准,建立一个较为完整的实践教学体系,明确该体系的运行方式,以期通过实施该体系培养出卓越农林人才.     

小丑鱼生物学特性及高效健康人工繁育技术

介绍小丑鱼形态、生活和繁殖的生物学特性,对小丑鱼繁殖池的设计与其培育用水预处理进行了阐述,并对在小丑鱼人工繁育中亲鱼的选择、培育、投喂方法、水质调控、饵料的选择与杀菌、饵料的培养、产卵、孵化、幼苗培育及驯化出售、常见病害防治等环节相关操作方法进行了总结。最后,对养殖小丑鱼这种观赏鱼类的发展前景进行了展望。