基于线粒体DNA D-loop的都柳江鲇形目两种经济鱼类种群遗传多样性研究

以采自贵州都柳江的鲇鱼、斑鳠各39尾个体为样品,采用PCR和DNA测序技术,研究了这两种鱼类线粒体DNA D-loop的结构和种群遗传多样性。获得了鲇鱼、斑鳠D-loop 5′端长度分别为544~545bp、546~547bp的DNA序列,并分别检测到58、15个变异位点。同时,识别了该2种鱼类D-loop终止序列区和中央保守区的核心序列,在中央保守区之后均有一个Poly-T结构。都柳江鲇鱼、斑鳠种群D-loop序列中,分别有51、12个多态位点,并分别定义了11、8种单倍型。都柳江鲇鱼、斑鳠种群单倍型多样性指数、核苷酸多样性指数和平均核苷酸差异数分别为0.772、0.02301、12.451和0.331、0.00131、0.714。目前,都柳江鲇鱼种群遗传多样性较为丰富,具有良好的种质价值和保护前景;斑鳠种群遗传多样性贫乏,保护和恢复该种群的数量和遗传多样性刻不容缓。     

中国境内松江鲈鱼群体遗传变异的ISSR分析

运用ISSR分子标记技术,分析中国境内松江鲈鱼浙江(Z)、山东(S)、河北(H)、辽宁鸭绿江(Y)等4个不同群体间的遗传变异。从100个ISSR引物中筛选出多态性引物15个,对每群体各30个个体进行分析。每引物的扩增条带为6~17条,共得到有效位点181个,其中多态位点136个,多态位点百分率为75.14%。4群体中,H群体的有效等位基因数、Nei氏基因多样性、Shannon氏信息指数及多态位点百分率为最低,分别为1.258 5、0.153 0、0.2322、49.17%;而Y群体的相应值为最高,分别为1.479 4、0.277 7、0.411 2、74.03%;Z和S两群体的值明显高于H群体、略低于Y群体。若将4群体作为一个整体,则总的Nei氏基因多样性指数为0.269 1、Shannon氏信息指数为0.400 9,显示松江鲈鱼的遗传多样性较丰富。群体间的遗传分化系数(GST)为0.131 3,基因流(Nm)为3.309 4,表明松江鲈鱼群体间存在中等程度的遗传分化和一定程度的基因交流。分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明:在总的遗传变异中,85.54%的变异来自种群内个体间,14.46%的变异来自种群间;同样,群体间存在显著(P<0.05)或极显著的遗传分化(P<0.01)。根据群体间Nei氏遗传距离构建的UPGMA树中,Z群体首先与S群体聚类、再与Y群体聚类,呈现出从南向北的地理分布格局,但H群体却单独为一支,与其他群体间的距离较远。     

Molecular genetic structure and relationship of Chinese and Hungarian common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) strains based on mitochondrial sequence

China and Hungary are major providers of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in East Asia and Europe respectively. However, the genetic variation and relationship of this species in the two countries have been poorly understood. In this study, mitochondrial COII‐tRNA^Lys and D‐loop sequences were analysed to investigate the genetic structure and relationships of the representative wild and domesticated common carps distributed in China and Hungary. The results indicated that the genetic diversities of the Chinese common carps are higher than those of Hungarian common carps, and the diversities of the wild common carps are higher than those of domesticated common carps in both the countries. Analysis of molecular variance and pairwise F_ST demonstrated a significant genetic divergence between the Chinese and the Hungarian common carps, and between the wild and the domesticated common carps. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis and statistical parsimony network showed an obvious genetic differentiation between the Chinese and the Hungarian common carps, between the wild and the domesticated common carps. However, a few specimens and haplotypes from the Chinese wild common carps appeared in the Hungarian common carps, demonstrating that there was no absolutely isolated and possible genetic linker between the Chinese and the Hungarian common carps.     

甜樱桃新品系的选育研究

本试验以5~6 a生的红灯、大紫、抉择等甜樱桃品种的自然授粉的胚培苗为试材,通过对樱桃果实的大小、颜色、可溶性固形物、果肉质地、果汁含量、成熟度等经济性状的观察,明确了优质、自交可孕、不易裂果、耐贮运、适于机械采收、抗病虫、抗寒等现代育种目标,初步选育出几个优株:可溶性固形物高的I-6,平均单果重为2.66 g,最大单果重3.15 g,可溶性固形物为20%;果个较大,丰产性好的I-16,平均单果重为4.57 g,最大单果重6.14 g,可溶性固形物为16%;适于老年人鲜食的,软汁甜樱桃II-15,平均单果重为5.00 g,最大单果重5.71 g,可溶性固形物为17%以及晚熟、色黑果大的III-2,平均单果重为3.48 g、最大单果重3.53 g、可溶性固形物为16%。     

Simulation of the options for a national control programme to eradicate scrapie from Great Britain

Because of the risk to public health posed by the potential presence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in sheep, there are plans to eradicate transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) from the British sheep population. We used a mathematical model for the spread of scrapie between sheep flocks to assess the efficacy of five control strategies at eradicating the infection from the national flock. These range from ram-genotyping schemes through whole-flock genotyping with selective culling to whole-flock slaughter. The impact of control was considered under three scenarios for the long-term dynamics of scrapie in GB: two in which scrapie is ultimately eliminated (with different median extinction times) and one in which scrapie remains endemic. Results suggested that it is feasible to eradicate scrapie from the British sheep flock, but that any national control programme will take decades to eliminate the disease and be costly. The most-effective strategy, measured in terms of the probability of eradication and time taken for eradication, was predicted to be whole-flock culling, which was effective under all three scenarios for the long-term dynamics of scrapie. Strategies involving whole-flock genotyping with selective culling were also effective, though they were predicted to take longer to eradicate scrapie than whole-flock culling. Ram-genotyping schemes were effective in some instances, but not for the scenario where scrapie remained endemic in the national flock. At low levels of reporting of clinical disease (<20%) the probability of eradication within 100 years was predicted to be <100% and, consequently, low levels of reporting could compromise the effectiveness of a control programme. Moreover, the predicted time taken to eradicate scrapie would increase markedly if the reporting compliance decreased.     

Genetic characterization of Portuguese brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) and comparison with other European populations

Abstract– Allozyme and other protein loci were examined to study the genetic structure of Portuguese brown trout ( Salmo trutta ) populations. A total of 247 individuals from three tributaries of the Lima hydrological basin and a hatchery, all located in northern Portugal, were analyzed. Four of 22 protein coding loci were found to be polymorphic: CK-A1^*, GPI-A2^*, MPI-2^* and TF^*. A new allelc at the latter locus was found in Atlantic populations. The data obtained for Portuguese brown trout were compared with published data for 14 European populations and three hatchery stocks. Six polymorphic loci (CK-A1^*, GPI-A2^*, GPI-B2^*, LDH-C^*, ME^* and MPI-2^*) were used in a cluster analysis. This showed the similarity of Portuguese natural populations and northern Iberian populations and that Portuguese hatchery fish have an autochthonous origin, distinct from that of other Atlantic hatchery stocks.     

Stocking strategies

Abstract  Stocking, transfer and introduction of fish are commonly used to mitigate loss of stocks, enhance recreational or commercial catches, restore fisheries or to create new fisheries. However, many stocking programmes are carried out without definition of objectives or evaluation of the potential or actual success of the exercise. This paper describes a strategic approach to stocking aimed at maximizing the potential benefits. A protocol is discussed which reviews factors such as source of fish, stocking density, age and size of fish at stocking, timing of stocking and mechanism of stocking. The potential genetic, ecological and environmental impacts of stocking are described.     

基因工程的研究进展

20世纪70年代以来,基因工程技术在世界范围内蓬勃兴起,并在很多领域得到广泛应用。该文介绍了基因工程的原理以及基因工程在植物、动物和食品方面的应用,并对未来的发展进行展望。     

黑龙江省水稻单产增长潜力预测方法研究

水稻是黑龙江省的主要粮食作物。加入WTO后,水稻生产、贸易、进出口等方面都面临新的形势,同时水稻产量的稳定和增长对于国家粮食安全、人民生活水平提高以及农民奔小康都有着重要意义。因此,探讨了应用Peal曲线函数模型对黑龙江省水稻单产进行预测的方法。