The Exploitation of Nematode-Responsive Plant Genes in Novel Nematode Control Methods

The molecular interactions between plants and sedentary nematodes are undergoing intense study, not only for reasons of fundamental research but also for the potential benefits to agriculture. The present technology allows the transformation of an increasing number of crop plants, providing new ways to introduce resistance against plant-parasitic nematodes. The ability of sedentary nematodes to induce specialized feeding sites in plant roots is one of the most fascinating aspects of this host–parasite interaction. Molecular approaches have been initiated to identify and characterize plant genes altered in expression after infection by sedentary nematodes. The results obtained indicate that many genes indeed become up-regulated upon nematode infection. Surprisingly, several so-called constitutive promoters that are normally used to achieve high expression in plant cells are completely ‘silenced’ in the feeding sites within days after nematode infection. Generally, there are two options available for the genetic engineering of nematode resistance: the synthesis of anti-nematode proteins or the localized production of a cytotoxic protein that interferes with the development of feeding cells. Nematode-induced promoters are very useful for the production by plants of sufficiently high levels of anti-nematode proteins at feeding sites. Alternatively, interfering with feeding-cell development is somewhat similar to the hypersensitive response evoked by nematodes in a naturally resistant plant. Here, destruction of specific plant cells can be achieved by the localized expression of a cytotoxin such as barnase, a potent ribonuclease. This approach, however, calls for a highly specific ‘non-leaky’ promoter, which is active only in the feeding cells. Another possibility is to use a two-component system, where the leakiness of the promoter in other tissues is counterbalanced by the constitutive expression of a neutralizing gene.     

支持细胞中促卵泡素信号通路研究进展

支持细胞在精子生成过程中起重要作用,支持细胞的数量决定睾丸大小、生精细胞数量以及最终生成精子数量。促卵泡素作为保证雄性生育能力的重要激素之一,通过与支持细胞上的促卵泡素受体结合,诱导5种信号途径,导致支持细胞中各类转录因子被激活,引起基因表达发生变化,从而保证生精细胞顺利发育成精子。文章主要围绕支持细胞中促卵泡素信号途径,及其对细胞发育过程中相关基因表达的影响等方面进行了综述。     

减蛋综合征病毒六邻体蛋白基因的克隆与真核表达载体的构建

应用降落PCR技术扩增出减蛋综合征病毒六邻体蛋白基因并将其克隆至pMDT-18载体上,酶切、PCR及测序结果表明插入的片段为目的基因.切下该目的基因定向克隆至pcDNA 3质粒构建六邻体蛋白基因真核表达载体pcDNA 3-hexon,经各种酶切、PCR鉴定及进一步测序鉴定,证明六邻体蛋白基因片段所插入的位置、大小、核苷酸序列和阅读框架正确无误,从而为下一步的转染、表达及进一步阐明EDSV六邻体基因结构与功能的关系和减蛋综合征基因工程苗的研究奠定了良好的基础.     

编码杜果丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶类蛋白抗病基因同源序列的克隆与分析

根据丝氨酸／苏氨酸蛋白激酶类催化结构域Ⅰ和Ⅸ的氨基酸保守序列设计简并引物,PCR扩增‘紫花芒’杧果嫩绿色叶片基因组DNA。在NCBI中用Blast X比对发现,有6个阳性克隆是抗病基因同源序列,并命名为PK1～PK6,GenBank注册序列号为AY693369-AY693371和AY776277-AY776279。在PK3、PK4和PK6中发现了丝氨酸／苏氨酸蛋白激酶的9个催化结构域Ⅰ～Ⅸ,而其它3个克隆具有部分结构域。氨基酸序列同源性分析还发现,6个克隆编码的氨基酸序列都与受体样蛋白激酶有较高的氨基酸序列同源性。系统进化树分析还表明它们都是可能的抗病基因同源序列。总之,6个克隆不仅是抗病基因同源序列而且是可能的受体样蛋白激酶基因同源序列。     

七彩神仙鱼 BTN1A1 基因克隆及其在嗜水气单胞菌胁迫下的表达分析

【目的】克隆七彩神仙鱼（Symphysodon aequifasciatus）嗜乳脂蛋白 1A1（Butyrophilin 1A1, BTN1A1）基因,分析其在病原刺激下的表达模式,为了解七彩神仙鱼 BTN1A1 基因功能提供依据。【方法】利用生物信息学对七彩神仙鱼 2 个 BTN1A1 基因（BTN1A1-1 和 BTN1A1-2）进行结构和进化分析。根据前期获得的七彩神仙鱼皮肤转录组数据,选取 BTN1A1-1 和 BTN1A1-2 基因的 CDS 区设计引物进行克隆。采用 qRT-PCR 分析 BTN1A1 在各组织中的表达及嗜水气单胞菌刺激下的表达模式。【结果】BTN1A1-1 和 BTN1A1-2 的 ORF 序列长度为 894、1 275 bp,分别编码 298、424 个氨基酸。BTN1A1-1 和 BTN1A1-2 蛋白均具有 1 个信号肽、1 个 Ig 结构域、1 个 lg_like 结构域和 1个跨膜结构域的经典结构,BTN1A1-2 还具有 1 个胞质结构域。七彩神仙鱼 BTN1A1-1 与慈鲷科其他鱼类相似性较高,与尼加拉瓜湖始丽鱼（Archocentrus centrarchus）BTNIAI 对应氨基酸序列同源性最高、为 94.14%。但 BTN1A1-2 与其他鱼类发生分离,形成独特分支。BTN1A1-1 和 BTN1A1-2 在七彩神仙鱼各组织中均有表达,但在鳃、肠道、皮肤等与免疫相关的组织中表达量相对较高。七彩神仙鱼 BTN1A1-1 在嗜水气单胞菌胁迫后表达量先显著下降后上升,而 BTN1A1-2 表达量则先显著上升后下降。【结论】七彩神仙鱼 BTN1A1-1 基因相对保守,而 BTN1A1-2 基因在进化上较为特殊。二者在免疫刺激下的差异表达暗示其可能在七彩神仙鱼免疫防御中发生功能分化。     

Impact of Honey Bee Migratory Management on Pathogen Loads and Immune Gene Expression is Affected by Complex Interactions With Environment,Worker Life History,and Season

The effects of honey bee management, such as intensive migratory beekeeping, are part of the ongoing debate concerning causes of colony health problems. Even though comparisons of disease and pathogen loads among differently managed colonies indicate some effects, the direct impact of migratory practices on honey bee pathogens is poorly understood. To test long- and short-term impacts of managed migration on pathogen loads and immunity, experimental honey bee colonies were maintained with or without migratory movement. Individuals that experienced migration as juveniles (e.g., larval and pupal development), as adults, or both were compared to control colonies that remained stationary and therefore did not experience migratory relocation. Samples at different ages and life-history stages (hive bees or foragers), taken at the beginning and end of the active season, were analyzed for pathogen loads and physiological markers of health. Bees exposed to migratory management during adulthood had increased levels of the AKI virus complex (Acute bee paralysis, Kashmir bee, and Israeli acute bee paralysis viruses) and decreased levels of antiviral gene expression (dicer-like). However, those in stationary management as adults had elevated gut parasites (i.e. trypanosomes). Effects of environment during juvenile development were more complex and interacted with life-history stage and season. Age at collection, life-history stage, and season all influenced numerous factors from viral load to immune gene expression. Although the factors that we examined are not independent, the results illuminate potential factors in both migratory and nonmigratory beekeeping that are likely to contribute to colony stress, and also indicate potential mitigation measures.     

菠萝酸性转化酶基因家族初步生物信息学及表达分析

酸性转化酶（acid invertase, AIN）在菠萝采后蔗糖降解过程中起着重要作用,基于菠萝全基因组数据库,预测菠萝AIN家族基因并进行生物信息学分析,解析其在采后菠萝不同贮藏温度下的表达变化情况,为阐明AIN基因在采后菠萝果实贮藏特性中的作用奠定基础。以水稻AIN家族基因为探针,在菠萝全基因组中鉴定到2个菠萝细胞壁酸性转化酶基因（cell wall acid invertase, CWIN）和2个液泡酸性转化酶基因（vacuolar acid invertase, VIN）,分别命名为AcCWIN1、AcCWIN2、AcVIN1、AcVIN2,设计编码区引物进行测序验证,并进行生物信息学分析。进化分析结果表明,AcCWIN1、AcCWIN2和AcVIN1、AcVIN2蛋白分别归于细胞壁酸性转化酶和液泡酸性转化酶2个进化支上,且均属于糖基水解酶家族GH32,基因结构、保守域和保守基序均一致。荧光定量分析结果表明,菠萝果肉中AcVIN1和AcVIN2在果实采后贮藏过程中表达量升高,且AcVIN1在发生黑心病的部位大量表达,而AcCWIN1和AcCWIN2在采后贮藏过程中表达量逐渐降低,且随着贮藏温度的升高其表达量降低,预示AcVIN1、AcVIN2较AcCWIN1、AcCWIN2在菠萝采后蔗糖降解和黑心病的发生方面发挥着更为重要的作用。     

中国不同春麦区小麦地方种质抗条锈病评价及抗性基因分析

为明确中国不同春麦区小麦地方种质对当前小麦生产上流行的条锈病菌Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritic的抗性水平及其所含抗性基因,利用条锈病菌生理小种条中32（CYR32）和条中34（CYR34）及混合生理小种（致病类群）对来自5个春麦区的196份小麦地方种质进行苗期、成株期抗性鉴定,并通过6个已知条锈病抗性基因Yr9、Yr18、Yr26、Yr48、Yr65和Yr67对其所含重要抗性基因进行分子标记检测。结果显示,在苗期,有11份小麦地方种质对CYR32表现出抗性,有12份对CYR34表现出抗性,分别占供试种质总数的5.61%和6.12%;有6份对CYR32和CYR34均表现出抗性;在成株期,有59份小麦地方种质在5个田间诱导环境下表现出稳定的抗性。有119份小麦地方种质检测到含抗性基因,其中有3份携带Yr9,有50份携带Yr18,有43份携带Yr48,有54份携带Yr65,所有供试种质均未检测到Yr26和Yr67,抗性基因的组合分析发现,共有31份小麦地方种质携带4种抗性基因组合类型Yr9+Yr18、Yr18+Yr48、Yr18+Yr65和Yr48+Yr65。表明来自中国5个春麦区的小麦地方种质条锈病抗性表型呈多样性,且携带目前在小麦抗病育种和生产上有效的条锈病抗性基因（组合）,建议加大对小麦地方种质的保护和应用力度。