热碱致魔芋胶与黄原胶共混凝胶的显微结构与流变规律

【目的】探究魔芋胶与黄原胶混合溶胶体系在碱性条件下的凝胶形成机理与凝胶特性,为魔芋胶与黄原胶相关凝胶食品的开发提供理论依据。【方法】在总多糖浓度约为2.0%的条件下,配制不同黄原胶与魔芋胶比例的混合溶胶体系,添加2.0%的Na₂CO₃,并于90℃条件下恒温处理各溶胶体系2 h,冷却至室温后制得不同黄原胶与魔芋胶配比的复合凝胶。通过测定复合凝胶添加碳酸钠前后的凝胶破裂强度,揭示热碱处理对混合凝胶破裂强度的影响。分别测定去离子水浸泡、2.0%柠檬酸溶液浸泡以及冻融处理后凝胶破裂强度的变化情况,并结合扫描电镜观测凝胶的微观形貌,探究复合凝胶的凝胶特性。此外,通过流变学手段进一步研究黄原胶与魔芋胶复合凝胶网络的形成机制。【结果】在室温（20℃）条件下,非热碱处理的魔芋胶与黄原胶最佳协同比为5﹕5,热碱处理后的魔芋胶与黄原胶最佳协同比增加至7﹕3,原因可能是魔芋胶碱化后分子链上脱去部分乙酰基,形成分子间三维网络结构,但在随后的冷却过程中,与黄原胶协同结合位点减少,因此在达到最大协同比时,需要更多数目的魔芋胶分子参与。此外,经去离子水和2.0%柠檬酸溶液浸泡后,所有凝胶体系的破裂强度都有所降低,其中经过2.0%柠檬酸溶液浸泡后的凝胶破裂强度下降更为明显。冻融处理后,复合凝胶均出现明显的析水现象,魔芋胶比例越高,析水现象越明显。进一步探究魔芋胶与黄原胶共混体系在2.0% Na₂CO₃浓度、90℃条件下的凝胶化过程,发现随黄原胶添加量增加,凝胶化速率呈减小趋势。此外,凝胶弹性模量在90—60℃呈降低趋势,60℃以下逐渐上升。【结论】在90℃条件下碱处理魔芋胶与黄原胶共混体系时,诱导体系形成热不可逆凝胶。当降低该体系的温度时,黄原胶分子在60℃时开始与魔芋胶网络结合,增加了凝胶的弹性模量。当魔芋胶与黄原胶比例为7﹕3时,室温下混合凝胶的破裂强度最大。经去离子水和2.0%柠檬酸溶液浸泡后,凝胶强度均有所降低。魔芋胶与黄原胶形成的复合凝胶在一定条件下可以改善单纯碱法诱导的魔芋胶凝胶析水多、强度差等缺点。     

高压电场干燥和热风干燥对马铃薯蛋白质二级结构的影响

以自然风干为对照组,采用SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳和圆二色光谱法研究了高压电场干燥(HVEF)和热风干燥对马铃薯蛋白质分子量的影响以及两种干燥方法对马铃薯蛋白质二级结构的影响。SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳结果显示:两种干燥方法对马铃薯蛋白质分子量基本不产生影响。圆二色光谱检测结果表明:经高压电场干燥后,马铃薯蛋白质的α-螺旋所占比例下降1.30%,β-折叠所占比例上升1.60%,β-转角所占比例上升0.30%,无规卷曲所占比例上升1.20%;经热风干燥后,马铃薯蛋白质的α-螺旋所占比例上升了12.50%,β-折叠所占比例下降了10.70%,β-转角所占比例上升了4.30%,无规卷曲所占比例下降4.40%。通过比较:HVEF对马铃薯蛋白质二级结构中α-螺旋、β-折叠、无规卷曲的作用趋势与热风干燥正好相反;如,热风干燥使α-螺旋的比例显著上升,而HVEF则使α-螺旋的比例下降,并且HVEF对马铃薯蛋白质二级结构的影响比热风干燥对马铃薯蛋白质二级结构的影响较小。     

SPI凝胶颗粒制备及其Pickering高内相乳液特性研究

制备了大豆分离蛋白（Soy protein isolate,SPI）凝胶颗粒,并使用该颗粒制备了稳定的Pickering高内相乳液。通过粒径和ζ 电位测定、冷冻扫描电镜和光学显微镜观察以及外观分析,以流变特性为指标,对SPI凝胶颗粒和Pickering高内相乳液特性进行研究。结果表明,SPI凝胶颗粒的粒径和ζ 电位随pH值的变化而变化,当SPI凝胶颗粒pH值为4.0～5.0时,临近SPI等电点,ζ 电位的绝对值最小,此时凝胶颗粒相互聚集,不能成功制备稳定的高内相乳液。在pH值为 9.0时,大豆分离蛋白凝胶颗粒紧密结合在一起,呈凝胶网络状结构。在碱性条件下,蛋白质质量分数为1.00%、内相体积分数为78%～82%时,可以制备稳定的Pickering高内相乳液。通过增加内相体积分数,使大豆分离蛋白凝胶颗粒稳定的Pickering乳液体系分布更加均匀,不易发生聚集,形成更加致密稳定的多孔结构,且具有更强的弹性凝胶乳液特性。     

紫薯淀粉对小麦淀粉凝胶特性的影响

以小麦淀粉和紫薯淀粉为材料,利用质构仪、核磁共振、动态流变仪和扫描电镜等分析了紫薯淀粉添加量（0～15%）对小麦淀粉凝胶特性的影响。结果表明：紫薯淀粉添加量在0～15%范围内,随着紫薯淀粉添加量的增加,小麦淀粉凝胶的弹性和内聚性显著增加(P < 0.05),添加量为10%时,变化最明显。混合淀粉凝胶的弹性模量（G′）和粘性模量（G″）随着紫薯淀粉增加而增加,而损耗角正切值（tanδ）呈下降趋势且小于1,表明混合淀粉凝胶的固体性质增强。在冻融循环过程中,与纯小麦淀粉相比, 混合淀粉凝胶的脱水缩合率呈下降趋势,表明紫薯淀粉的添加使小麦淀粉凝胶强度增大,凝胶网络结构变致密,所以水分难以从淀粉凝胶网络结构中析出。低场核磁中的结果显示,紫薯淀粉的添加,使小麦淀粉凝胶中的一部分自由水转化为弱结合水,提高了混合凝胶的持水性;凝胶网络结构扫描结果显示,紫薯淀粉的添加使混合淀粉凝胶的孔洞分布均匀且孔洞变小。综合结果表明,紫薯淀粉可增强小麦淀粉凝胶的网络结构,改善小麦淀粉的凝胶特性。     

二十碳五烯酸甲酯标准样品的研制

以深海鱼油为基础原料,将其皂化水解为游离脂肪酸,经尿素—甲醇包合粗分离后,以硫酸—甲醇甲酯化,再经硝酸银—硅胶柱层析精分离,得到高纯度的二十碳五烯酸甲酯标准物质。经定值检测,确定其化合物纯度≥98%。     

Gel Properties of Surimi from Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix): Effects of Whey Protein Concentrate,CaCl2, and Setting Condition

The effects of setting time, whey protein concentrate (WPC), and calcium chloride (CaCl₂) on textural properties of silver carp surimi were investigated. Response surface methodology was used to evaluate and compare the effects of setting time (30–90 min), WPC (1–9% of protein ratio), and CaCl₂ (1–59 mmol/kg) on the gel strength. Models for breaking force, breaking distance, and gel strength of surimi gel were established. The maximum gel strength was achieved at the setting time of 60 min, WPC and CaCl₂ at 5% protein ratio, and 15–18 mmol/kg. CaCl₂ was the most significant factor affecting the gel strength.     

Structural and Rheological Characteristics of Alginate from Sargassum cristaefolium Extracted by Twin Screw Extruder

This study aimed to investigate the effects of process extrusion on the characteristics of Sargassum cristaefolium sodium alginate (SCSA) extracted using twin-screw extruder. Box-Behnken Design (BBD) from response surface methodology (RSM) was established to understand the effects of temperature, screw speed, and pH on the multiple-responses of alginate characteristics including intrinsic viscosity, yield, and molecular weight. The results revealed that temperature, screw speed, and pH significantly affected (P < .05) all responses. The optimum extraction condition was found at temperature of 58.18°C, screw speed of 77.99 rpm, and pH 10.11. At this condition, the response of residence time distribution was 7.07 ± 0.029 min, yield of 34.01 ± 0.12%, intrinsic viscosity of 460.13 ± 14.75 mL/g, and molecular weight of 217.94 ± 7.14 × 10³ g/mol. This alginate had mannuronic acid to guluronic acid (M/G) ratio of 0.28, and the L-guluronic acid block was 0.78, which was higher than the D-mannuronic acid block. Rheological characterization of SCSA in aqueous solution was shear-thinning pseudoplastic, and alginate gel in 1 M CaCl₂ was more elastic than liquid.     

Effect of Bacillus cereus as a water or feed additive on the gut microbiota and immunological parameters of Nile tilapia

We evaluated the effects of Bacillus cereus, as an additive in water and feed, on the gut microbiota and immunological parameters of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. Experiments were performed in tanks and net cages respectively. Experiment 1: Tilapia were housed in tanks for 42 days, and B. cereus was added to the water at 1.0 × 10⁴ cfu mL^?1 (Treatment 1) and 1.0 ×10⁵ cfu mL^?1 (Treatment 2) weekly. For the control, no probiotic was added. Experiment 2: Tilapia were housed in cages for 42 days, and the feed was supplemented with B. cereus at 1.0 × 10⁷ cfu g^?1 (Treatment 1) and 1.0 × 10⁸ cfu g^?1 (Treatment 2) weekly. For the control, no probiotic was added. Each treatment contained three replicates, with 50 male tilapias per replicate. The fish from the probiotic treatments in both tank and cage experiments had significantly higher serum lysozyme and peroxidase activities than the control. In the cage experiment, alkaline phosphatase and total superoxide dismutase activities in tilapia were significantly higher in probiotic treatments compared with the control. The results of polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis showed that B. cereus supplementation in the feed and water affected the autochthonous gut bacteria community of tilapia and stimulated various potentially beneficial bacteria. Therefore, B. cereus, as a water or feed additive, could enhance the immune status and affect the gut microbiota of tilapia. Bacillus cereus was more effective as a feed supplement rather than a water additive for enhancing the immune status of tilapia.