田间环境参数动态监测系统平台设计与实现

信息技术飞速发展,农业不再是简单的田间的播种、收割农作物,而是对于农作物成长过程的更多的管理。面对多变的天气,及时快速的发现异常,则能够让农户减少损失。本设计是用PHP+MySQL数据库开发的,基于B/S结构的田间环境参数动态监测系统平台,它将网络应用技术运用到农业生产中来,使之能够监测农作物生产环境的动态并及时反馈,让农户能够随时随地查看农场环境信息。通过提供农业相关资讯,环境监测以及农户们交流的服务平台,本平台让农民们可以利用信息技术进行科学化管理,学习更多的技术和知识,最终实现提高单位面积产量的目标。     

对陕南农村劳动交换的社会学解读

从社会交换理论的视角出发,以洛南县闫沟村为实地研究样本,描述了陕南农村劳动交换现象的变迁,并分析了其变迁的社会原因。研究表明,劳动交换的特征与其社会背景是互为因果的。转型时期的社会背景决定了陕南农村的劳动交换兼有传统劳动交换与现代劳动交换的特点。针对陕南农村劳动交换的现代性转变,提出了政策性建议。     

基于机器视觉的嫁接用苗外观特征自动检测

提出了基于数学模型的幼苗外观特征自动检测方法,检测项目包括生长状态、子叶参数和胚轴参数。首先经过图像预处理提取幼苗二值图,利用行像素统计图确定特征参数基准点位置。然后以标定胚轴最小矩形倾斜度和宽度判定弯曲状态;子叶跨度通过两子叶端点距离确定,子叶展开角通过两子叶底端平展位置拟合线夹角判定;胚轴弯曲度通过胚轴中心线上曲率最大的位置为分界点分别判断两段斜度而求得,胚轴长、轴径结合斜度补偿求得。与手工测量数据对比,轴长、轴径和子叶跨度的相关系数分别为0.935 1、0.899 9和0.903 4,相对误差分别小于7%、5%和7%,绝对误差分别小于4 mm、0.2 mm和6 mm。     

季节对美系杜洛克母猪胴体和肉质性能的影响

本试验测定了不同季节对美系杜洛克的胴体和肉质参数的影响。结果提示:季节对美系杜洛克猪的胴体品质无显著影响。在肉质参数中,秋冬季猪肉的红度(6.47±0.73)显著低于春夏季(8.78±0.85),贮存损失(3.26±0.88)也显著低于春夏季(5.63±0.64)。     

Influence of storage time and processing on chemical composition and in vitro ruminal fermentation of olive cake

Olive oil extraction generates olive cake (OC) that could be used in ruminant feeding. However, the chemical composition of OC is affected by multiple factors, being therefore highly variable. The objective of this study was to analyse the influence of storage time and further processing: crude, exhausted (subjected to a second oil extraction) and cyclone (obtained from a cyclone separator) on nutritive value of OC samples. Twelve samples (six crude and six exhausted) were obtained monthly from the same pond from 1 to 6 storage months, and nine samples (three crude, three exhausted and three cyclone) were obtained monthly from a different pond from 6 to 9 months storage. Chemical composition was analysed, and OC samples were fermented in vitro with sheep rumen fluid. Increasing storage time up to 6 months decreased sugars and total soluble polyphenols content but increased fibre content in OC. Dry matter effective degradability (DMED) decreased linearly (p < 0.001) by 35.9 and 45.5% as storage time augmented from 1 to 6 months for crude and exhausted OC, respectively. Crude OC had lower DMED values than exhausted OC (averaged values 0.255 and 0.294 g/g, respectively). Both potential production and rate of gas production were lower (p ≤ 0.018) in crude compared with exhausted OC, which was attributed to the high fat content of crude OC (≥86 g/kg dry matter). For samples stored longer than 6 months, cyclone had greater (p < 0.05) DMED than crude and exhausted OC (averaged values 0.207, 0.164 and 0.164 g/g, respectively). The results indicate that ruminal degradability of OC is reduced with advancing storage time, but only subtle changes were observed during the first two months. Cyclone showed greater degradability than crude and exhausted OC, but differences between crude and exhausted OC became negligible after five storage months.     

不同比例游离脂肪酸对体外发酵参数的影响

采用体外培养方法研究添加不同比例的亚油酸和亚麻酸对瘤胃发酵的影响。以微晶纤维素为发酵底物,混合酸的添加量为5mg,添加比例分别为0∶0、5∶0、4∶1、3∶2、1∶1、2∶3、1∶4和0∶5,每个处理设4个重复。结果表明:随着游离脂肪酸不饱和度的增加提高了培养液中pH值和NH3-N浓度,降低了挥发脂肪酸、24h微晶纤维素的消失率和产气量。     

粗纤维和赖氨酸水平对生长期豫南黑猪的影响

本试验旨在探讨饲粮中不同粗纤维和赖氨酸水平对生长期豫南黑猪生长性能、血清生化指标及营养物质表观消化率的影响.试验选取162头体重为30 kg左右的豫南黑猪,采用3（CF：4％、5.5％、7％）×3（lys：0.75％、0.85％、0.95％）两因子交叉完全随机设计,共设9个处理,每个处理3个重复,每重复6头猪.通过测定其生长性能、血清生化指标及营养物质表观消化率,确定生长期豫南黑猪的最佳粗纤维和赖氨酸水平.结果表明：不同粗纤维和赖氨酸水平对生长期豫南黑猪平均日采食量（ADFI）、平均日增重（ADG）和料重比（F/G）均无显著影响（P＞0.05）;粗纤维和赖氨酸水平分别为7％、0.75％时,料重比最低（P＜0.05）;粗纤维和赖氨酸水平分别为5.5％、0.85％时血清中游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸（FREET3）水平最高（P＜0.05）.饲粮中添加粗纤维使营养物质表观消化率下降,但通过适量比例的粗纤维和赖氨酸的合理添加,对饲粮中能量、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、Ca和P的表观消化率无显著影响（P＞0.05）.上述结果提示,30～60 kg生长期豫南黑猪的饲粮适宜粗纤维水平和赖氨酸水平分别为7％和0.75％.     

Bats adjust temporal parameters of echolocation pulses but not those of communication calls in response to traffic noise

Many studies based on acute short‐term noise exposure have demonstrated that animals can adjust their vocalizations in response to ambient noise. However, the effects of chronic noise over a relatively long time scale of multiple days remain largely unclear. Bats rely mainly on acoustic signals for perception of environmental and social communication. Nearly all previous studies on noise‐induced vocal adjustments have focused on echolocation pulse sounds. Relatively little is known regarding the effects of noise on social communication calls. Here, we examined the dynamic changes in the temporal parameters of echolocation and communication vocalizations of Vespertilio sinensis when exposed to traffic noise over multiple days. We found that the bats started to modify their echolocation vocalizations on the fourth day of noise exposure, with an increase of 42–91% in the total number of pulse sequences per day. Under noisy conditions, the number of pulses within a pulse sequence decreased by an average of 17.2%, resulting in a significantly slower number of pulses/sequence (P < 0.001). However, there was little change in the duration of a pulse sequence. These parameters were not significantly adjusted in most communication vocalizations under the noise condition (all P > 0.05), except that the duration decreased and the number of syllables/sequences increased in 1 type of communicative vocalization (P < 0.05). This study suggests that bats routinely adjust temporal parameters of echolocation but rarely of communication vocalizations in response to noise condition.     

Bio—G除臭剂对蛋鸡舍内氨气及产蛋性能的影响

在面积相等，饲养密度相近的2栋蛋鸡舍内连续15d喷洒Bio-G除臭剂，每天1次，每次5L，结果表明，喷洒Bio-G后，鸡舍氨气含量明显下降，但对蛋鸡产蛋性能无明显影响。     

Genetic parameters for abnormal sucking traits in Austrian Fleckvieh heifers

Cross‐sucking and intersucking are considered abnormal behaviours in cattle and constitute a common problem in dairy farming. Cross‐sucking in calves is defined as sucking any body parts of another calf whereas intersucking in heifers and cows is defined as sucking the udder or udder area. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic variability for abnormal sucking behaviour by estimating genetic parameters and examining individual differences between sires with large progeny groups. By means of a questionnaire, cattle breeders in the federal state Lower Austria were requested to identify all currently kept animals which are known of either inter‐ or cross‐sucking (both defined as the same binary trait ‘sucking’ with 0 and 1 referring to the absence and presence of this abnormal behaviour) or allowing sucking (also treated as a binary trait, scored as 1 if an animal was known of allowing herd mates to suck and 0 otherwise). Records of 1222 farms and 13 332 dual purpose Simmental females aged between 21 and 700 days were investigated applying a linear animal model with fixed herd × year × season and random genetic animal effect and a threshold sire model with the herd × year × season effect being treated as random. In total, 8.6% and 4.1% of all calves/heifers were observed sucking and allowing sucking, respectively. Heritabilities of 0.040 ± 0.014 and 0.007 ± 0.006 (linear animal model) and 0.116 ± 0.041 and 0.026 ± 0.024 (threshold model) were found for the traits sucking and allowing sucking, respectively. Breeding values were estimated applying the same models for the trait sucking. Taking all 254 sires into account, the Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients between breeding values estimated by linear animal and sire threshold model were 0.86 and 0.80. Thus, little difference was observed between the two methods.