东莞市耕地环境质量的压力-状态-响应分析与评价

基于"压力-状态-响应"模型建立了耕地环境质量评价框架及其指标体系。以东莞市为研究样区,采集182个耕地土壤样品,测定其重金属含量,结合东莞统计年鉴中的社会经济数据,对东莞市耕地环境质量进行评价,并通过协调度模型对其稳定性进行分析。结果表明:东莞市28.2%的耕地处于良好和较好水平,主要分布在北部河网平原区,该区作为供水工程水源地,环境受到严格保护;56.1%的耕地处于警戒水平,处于较差水平的耕地占总面积的15.7%,没有耕地处于极差水平。主要影响因素为经济发展和工业"三废"排放压力、耕地自然性状及其耕作管理状态、农药化肥过量施用等不合理的农户响应措施。压力、状态、响应指数协调度较低的乡镇有南城、望牛墩、沙田、长安,其耕地环境质量不稳定,是耕地环境质量管控的重点区域。     

Feed intake,growth, feed utilization,body composition and waste output of juvenile hybrid bream at different feeding frequencies

An eight‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the feed intake, growth, feed utilization, body composition and waste output of juvenile hybrid bream at different feeding frequencies (0.5, 1, 2, 3 or 4 meals/day). Fish (initial body weight of 10.6 ± 0.8 g) were fed to satiation at each feeding. The test diet contained 336 g/kg crude protein and 79 g/kg crude lipid. The weight gain significantly increased with increase in feeding frequency from 0.5 to 3 meals/day (p < 0.05) and afterwards did not change with feeding frequency from 3 to 4 meals/day (p > 0.05). The feed intake increased with increase in feeding frequency (p < 0.05). Fish fed at 3 meals/day exhibited the lowest feed conversion ratio and waste output of nitrogen and phosphorus, however, the highest nitrogen retention efficiency (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found in the phosphorus retention efficiency, the body composition of crude protein, ash and phosphorus among all the feeding frequencies (p > 0.05). The body lipid content increased, whereas the content of moisture decreased, with the increase in feeding frequency (p < 0.05). The present study reveals that the optimum feeding frequency is 3 meals/day for hybrid bream.     

对辽宁西部沙棘园营造技术的探讨

文章主要针对辽西地区沙棘园的建设,提出了沙棘园的营造技术环节及注意的问题,具体阐述了从选地、整地、土壤、种苗,栽植和管理等技术措施。     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

1种新型粘土无机膜在水产品加工废水处理中的应用前景

介绍 1种新型粘土无机膜 ,膜平均孔径 2 3～ 2 6nm。与其他无机膜相比 ,该膜制作工艺简单。实验证明 ,该膜对高温具有较强的稳定性 ,对溶剂和化学物质具较强的耐腐蚀作用 ,且蛋白质分离浓缩效率较高 ,非常适用于水产品加工厂的废水处理及蛋白质回收     

乙醛、对苯二甲酸、乙二醇对鲢、草鱼的联合毒性

实验按毒性单位1：1：1设计，研究乙醛、对苯二甲酸、乙二醇等化纤污水中主要污染物对鲢、草鱼的稚鱼和幼鱼的联合毒性。实验结果表明，乙醛＋对醛二甲酸＋乙二醇对鲢的稚鱼和幼鱼的96hLC50值分别为21300．6和27438.8mg/L；对草鱼的稚鱼和幼鱼的96gLC50值分别为27387．3和25606．2mg/L。联合毒性效应均表现为相加作用。     

The Analysis of Trend of Development of Technology of Reusing Solid Waste in Our Country

To analyse the situation of industrial solid waste in our country,tracking thetrend of development of technolog of reusing solid waste in outer country,connecting with researchof statement ,we can point out standing on comprehensive utilization ,breaking through key technolco-gy, improving utilization factor, keeping at popelaration,it is in vitably trend to advamce the devel-opment of technology of reusing solid waste in our country.     

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in bulk soil and particle size separates of soils in a rural community

In a rural community (Stephanskirchen, Southern Germany) situated near a waste incineration plant six A horizons were sampled to determine 14 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in bulk soil and particle size separates (clay, silt, fine and coarse sand) and to test the suitability of alkaline saponification for PCB extraction. The PCB concentrations were higher in alkaline saponification extracts than in Soxhlet extracts. However, the extraction efficiency of up to fourfold chlorinated PCBs was lower and more than sevenfold chlorinated PCBs were destroyed. Nevertheless, alkaline saponification was suitable to determine the indicator congeners 28, 52, 101, 138, 152, and 180. The sum of the PCB concentrations ranged from 8.4 to 59.5 μg kg^?1 which was as high as in soils of big cities. However, the concentrations did not reach the threshold value for agricultural purposes of 200 μg kg^?1 as proposed in literature for the sum of the six indicator congeners. The hexachlorinated PCBs 138 and 153 were the most abundant (together > 50% in all samples) whereas PCB 1 could not be detected in any sample. On the average, PCB concentrations increased as particle size decreased. When normalized to C_org, however, the fine sand fraction had the highest PCB concentrations. A slight decrease of lower chlorinated PCBs as particle size decreased indicated an increasing state of degradation. The PCB compositions in the emissions of a comparable waste incineration plant (Bamberg, Bavaria) and in Stephanskirchen soils differed markedly. Therefore, we did not get any indications that waste incineration was a main source of PCBs in the examined soils. Instead, higher chlorinated technical PCB mixtures such as Clophen A 60 or Aroclor 1260 may be the most important sources.     

A Highly Activated Mineral Admixture Slurry Consisting of a Wet discharged Fly ash and Carbide Lime Composite

To recycle wet discharged fly ash and carbide lime effectively, a highly activated mineral admixture slurry consisting of both these components was investigated. The preparation technology of mineral admixture slurry made from a composite of wet discharged fly ash and carbide lime and the strengths, hydration products change (XRD, SEM) of cement paste made by the slurry were studied. The results indicate that the optimal proportion between wet discharged fly ash and carbide lime (solid content) is 75:25 in the process of wet milling preparation. The alkaline environment provided by carbide lime with high Ca(OH)2content and cement hydration accelerated by modified agents can promote early activation of fly ash, and accelerate its secondary hydration reaction.     

矸石山周围土壤重金属污染的生态风险评价

为了解煤矸石堆放对周围土壤重金属污染的危害程度,对矸石山周围土壤采样分析,并采用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法对土壤重金属污染进行了潜在生态风险评价。结果表明,煤矸石堆放对周围土壤造成重金属污染,其总的潜在生态风险程度为轻微,Pb的单个元素污染程度为很强,Cd是最主要的潜在生态风险因子。通过利用土壤背景值法和国家土壤标准法进行对比分析,表明Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法具有能同时兼顾两种评价方法的特点,可以较好地应用于矸石山周围土壤的评价。