Women

In New Zealand while women dominate leadership positions in constitutional, political and business areas, gender inequality remains entrenched. Despite significant gains in rights (employment, pay equity, property), as a group women earn less and perform more family care and unpaid work than men. In part these disparities result from the economic restructuring of the last 15 years which saw a loss in unskilled manufacturing jobs, less social support and greater rewards to business and public sector elites. Maori and Pacific Island women are the most disadvantaged groups. Labour/Alliance government initiatives to reduce poverty particularly among Maori and Pacific Island peoples by strengthening access to health and education services and supporting and replicating successful community initiatives are also likely to benefit other low income women.     

长白落叶松人工林林隙间伐对林下更新及植物多样性的影响

2009年7月中旬,以佳木斯孟家岗林场间伐8年后的34年生长白落叶松人工纯林为对象,分析均匀间伐、大林隙和小林隙的林下更新和植物多样性。结果表明:与均匀间伐相比,林隙内出现了树高超过1.5m的胡桃楸、山杨和春榆等喜光阔叶树种,大林隙中出现树高超过2m的胡桃楸幼树;林隙内更新树种的个体密度、平均高和平均地径明显增加,大林隙尤为显著(P<0.05);林隙内木本植物的Simpson多样性指数和盖度均显著高于均匀间伐(P<0.05);与小林隙相比,大林隙内木本和草本植物盖度均显著增加(P<0.05);木本植物竞争种的重要值表现为大林隙>小林隙>均匀间伐,耐胁迫种的重要值相反(P<0.05);大林隙内1年生草本植物的重要值显著高于小林隙和均匀间伐(P<0.05),多年生草本植物则相反(P<0.05);大林隙Grime'功能群中杂草种的重要值高于小林隙和均匀间伐,耐胁迫种则相反(P<0.05);小林隙与均匀间伐的草本植物不同生活型及Grime'功能群的组成差异不明显(P>0.05);林隙间伐结合均匀间伐可以将长白落叶松人工纯林改造成长白落叶松针阔混交异龄林,较单独实施均匀间伐更有利于林下更新和植物多样性的提高,间伐林隙应...     

First decadal response to treatment in a disturbance-based silviculture experiment in Maine

Disturbance-based silvicultural systems generally seek to promote complex stand structures that are consistent with temporal and spatial patterns of natural disturbance while allowing for the sustainable harvest of timber. Gap-based harvesting systems are commonly used within this framework because they can be designed to approximate the frequencies and spatial patterns of a wide array of disturbance regimes. Patterns in stand-level growth, sapling recruitment and regeneration response were examined for one such gap-based system, the Acadian Forest Ecosystem Research Program (AFERP) in central Maine, that was designed to emulate the annual 1% disturbance frequency typical of the northeastern United States and Canada. A decade after treatment, stand-level differences in basal area growth and density between two gap-based treatments and an unharvested control were not statistically significant, largely due to low replication, but within-stand growth and regeneration responses differed strongly by spatial position relative to harvest gaps. Regeneration of shade-tolerant and intolerant species increased regardless of gap size, likely a response to increasing light availability from canopy openings due to harvesting and mortality. Further, there was evidence of gap size effects on sapling recruitment as large gaps (>1000 m²) favored the growth and survival of mid-successional species such as red maple and white pine, while small gaps (<1000 m²) favored late-succession species such as eastern hemlock and spruce. Overstory growth rates also differed by both species and position relative to harvest gaps with most species growing best in gaps and better along gap edges than in adjacent forest. Notably, overstory growth rates for white pine were not influenced by spatial position. These results suggest harvest gaps may have significant growth and regeneration impacts in adjacent, yet unharvested areas, which could lead to profound differences in forest development over the rotation. Obviously, longer-term studies of gap-based systems are needed to more clearly elucidate these responses.     

大兴安岭兴安落叶松林林隙更新研究

研究了大兴安岭地区不同林型林隙的更新密度、边缘木数量及形成原因,结果表明:1)林隙一般由11~24株落叶松、白桦所形成,平均为16.94株;形成方式主要有立枯、折干和拔根倒,11.8%为折干,35.3%为立枯,41.2%为拔根倒。2)林隙所在坡位中58.9%为中下和下坡位,41.1%为中上坡位。3)在杜香-落叶松林、草类-落叶松林和藓类-落叶松林更新密度所受到的制约因子不同,杜香-落叶松林的林隙更新主要受坡度的影响,草类-落叶松林的林隙更新主要受长短轴比的影响,藓类-落叶松林的林隙更新主要受边缘木数量的影响。     

Substrate integrated waveguide bandpass filter based on butterfly radial slot

A novel broadband substrate integrated waveguide bandpass filter was presented based on the highpass characteristics of substrate integrated waveguide(SIW) and the bandstop performance of butterfly radial slot photonic band gap(PBG) structure. In order to verify this idea,a wideband bandpass filter with 4.65 GHz center frequency and 40% fractional bandwidth was designed. The electromagnetic simulation results show good passband characteristics from 3.71 to 5.6 GHz, while the maximun insertion loss is about 0.40dB. An experimental filter prototype was fabricated with standard PCB process and measured by the vector network analyzer. The measured results show that, for the filter prototype, the passband is from 3.78 GHz to 5.76GHz, the fractional bandwidth is about 41%, the minimal insertion loss is about 0.72 dB and the maximun insertion loss is 1.65.dB The measured results are in good agreement with the simulated results.     

江苏省居民收入差距影响因素研究

江苏的经济发展在全国处于前列,但在收入水平普遍提高的大好形势背后,人民收入差距逐年拉大,并有继续上升的趋势。从经济、社会、生活的各个方面探寻导致江苏居民收入差距拉大的原因,并通过主成分分析和因子分析,得出了影响江苏省居民收入差距的主要因素,提出了相应的缩小收入差距的建议。     

中国潜在产出测算实证研究

在对中国潜在产出测算研究状况进行评介的基础上,分别使用H-P滤波法和生产函数法估算了中国1978—2004年间的潜在产出、产出缺口和潜在产出增长率。结果表明:(1)1978—2004年间,中国的产出缺口出现了波动水平正负交替的周期情形;(2)1995年以前产出缺口的波动幅度比较剧烈且较为频繁,1996年特别是1999年以后产出缺口的变化较为平缓;(3)1997年以后,虽然经济的增长率保持较高的水平,但是生产要素的实际利用水平却逐渐降低;(4)生产函数法得到的结果基本客观的反映了改革开放后,中国开始从计划经济向市场经济过渡到市场经济初步建立这一时期的生产要素使用情况。(5)根据H-P滤波法和生产函数法估算的潜在产出,得到1978—2004年间的平均潜在产出增长率分别为9.54%和9.67%。根据估计结果,在今后几年,通过适当的宏观调控,把中国的经济增长率稳定在8%～9%可能是一个较好的选择。     

中国农村区域经济增长的收敛性研究

采用我国农村1992—2003年分省的农村经济增长率作为数据基础,以1992年农村人均社会生产总值和人力资本存量作为初始变量,筛选出科技水平指标、产业结构指标和生产要素指标作为控制变量,以经济增长理论为依据,拟合绝对收敛模型、β-收敛模型和α-收敛模型,检验分析了1990年代以来我国农村区域经济增长的收敛模式。结果表明:我国农村省际之间经济并不存在绝对收敛,即落后省份经济的增长并不比发达省份增长快;但是存在条件收敛,即在控制了稳态的决定因素之后,落后地区的经济增长快于发达地区的经济增长,从而使差距缩小;在影响条件收敛的诸因素中,人力资本、产业结构以及科学技术对我国农村经济条件收敛的贡献最大。该结论可供区域经济协调发展研究参考。