畦作沟灌的小麦起垄播种机的研制

研制了畦作沟灌的小麦起垄播种机,采用Pro/E软件建立了整机模型.该机一次性完成起垄、整形、开沟播种、镇压等多道工序,减少了田间作业工序,提高了作业效率,改善了起垄和播种质量.与之配套的拖拉机轮胎和机具地轮均在垄沟中行走,不压实播种带,播种作业时避开了根茬,减少了机具的堵塞,同时可节省功耗.通过更换部分部件,可以对原垄进行修复.     

膜侧小麦应用壮丰安的调控效果研究

根据生育特点、器官建成和产量形成的规律 ,就膜侧小麦应用壮丰安的调控效果进行了试验研究。结果表明 ,壮丰安拌种能有效控制苗期叶片生长 ,明显促进分蘖的形成和根系的发育 ,有利于增强植株抗旱、耐寒性能 ,提高越冬保苗率 ;返青期喷施能显著抑制基部节间的伸长。壮丰安处理一般会引起小麦粒重的下降 ,拌种处理还会导致成穗数减少 ,但穗粒数的显著增加可有效平衡二者下降对产量的影响。膜侧小麦用适宜剂量的壮丰安拌种和喷施 ,一般增产 10 %～ 15 %。与常规露地小麦相比 ,膜侧小麦更适宜于应用化控制剂进行调控。     

On-farm management practices to minimise off-site movement of pesticides from furrow irrigation

Off-site movement of pesticides from furrow-irrigated agriculture has been a concern in the Ord River Irrigation Area, Western Australia. This paper reports on the effectiveness of incorporation of pesticides by cultivator or power harrows before irrigating, and spraying pesticides only onto beds to minimise off-site transport. Incorporation of pesticides by power harrows prior to irrigation was found to be more effective in decreasing the off-site transport of a more strongly sorbed pesticide, endosulfan. The average load of total endosulfan (alpha + beta + sulfate) decreased by 74% (P < 0.01) from 11.41 g ha(-1) from the conventionally treated bays to 2.96 g ha(-1) from the incorporated irrigation bays. The total average load of atrazine leaving the irrigation bays was decreased by 81% (P < 0.05) from 87.82 g ha(-1) under the conventional practice of spraying the whole field to 16.95 g ha(-1) by spraying the beds only. A reduction of 52% in total average load of metolachlor was observed following incorporation with power harrows, but this was not significant. Incorporation by cultivator or by power harrows decreased the total load of atrazine or metolachlor leaving the irrigation bays over the whole irrigation period, but these treatments were not shown to be statistically significant, which may have been due to the limited number of field replicates. Incorporation of strongly sorbed pesticides (e.g. endosulfan) prior to irrigation significantly decreased the off-site transport of these pesticides in a furrow irrigation system and may be a useful practice to minimise off-site transport of other similar pesticides. Minimising off-site transport of weakly sorbed pesticides (e.g. atrazine and metolachlor) from a furrow irrigation system is more difficult. The nature of furrow irrigation makes it highly conducive to pesticide transport, particularly of weakly sorbed pesticides, and further work is needed to develop strategies to minimise the movement of this group of pesticides to water bodies.     

渭北旱原冬小麦深施肥沟播综合效应研究

针对深施肥或休闲期深施肥沟播技术,对冬小麦生育的影响,增产效应及产量结构等进行了研究。深施肥或休闲期深施肥沟播生态效应可改善小麦生育条件,旱地冬小麦深施肥沟播在干旱或土墒不足的条件下,可借墒播种,盐碱地采用此技术可躲盐巧种,提高出苗率,易遭冻害地区的冬小麦,可降低分蘖节在土壤中的位置,减轻因分蘖节受冻害而造成的死苗,死蘖。故在渭北旱原的旱、薄和盐碱地推广此项技术,是经济有效的增产、稳产、增收、低耗措施。     

日光温室黄瓜节水灌溉研究

对比分析了日光温室黄瓜滴灌、膜下沟灌和畦灌 3种灌水方式对温室环境、黄瓜耗水量、产量、品质的影响以及这 3种灌溉方式下温室黄瓜的年产出投入比。结果表明 :日光温室滴灌比畦灌温室内空气相对湿度降低 1 0 %～ 1 5%,冬季地温提高 3～ 8℃ ;黄瓜耗水量减少 4 3 .4 %,灌溉水节约 59.9%;黄瓜增产 3 3 %,产值增加 6.75万元 /hm2 ;黄瓜粗蛋白含量和可溶性糖均高 4 %;提早 1 0 d左右上市 ;年产出投入比高 1 .0 1。膜下沟灌比畦灌使温室内空气相对湿度降低 1 3 %左右 ;黄瓜耗水量减少 1 3 .6%,节约灌溉水 2 0 %;黄瓜产量提高1 3 %,产值增加 3 .1 5万元 /hm2 ;年产出投入比提高 0 .82     

9SB-2.4型草原松土补播机的研制与试验

为了大面积改良天然退化草场,加快畜牧业持续发展,改善草原生态环境,研制了一种多功能牧草免耕补播机,该机在不破坏原生植被的情况下,可对退化草场进行免耕补种,加快退化草场恢复产草量。该文介绍了该机的工作原理、主要工作部件结构特点,并对该机的播种性能进行了台架试验和田间试验。试验结果表明：该机可一次完成切开草皮、切断草根、开沟、播种和覆土等项作业,播量为7.5～90 kg/hm²,开沟深度10～90 mm,适宜大面积天然草场机械化改良。     

春玉米、冬小麦涌泉灌溉与垄膜沟种的组合应用试验

涌泉灌溉用于大田作物主要问题是流量小,沟、畦横断面大,水流在田间很难向前推进。为此将其与垄膜沟种技术组合,缩小过水横断面,减小或杜绝侧渗,提高水流推进能力,这样可最大限度地减少灌水器(稳流器)数量,改善灌水质量,提高田间土壤水分的均匀度,进而为涌泉灌溉用于大田作物提供了可能性。采用涌泉灌溉配套垄膜沟种耕作方式,提高了降水的有效利用率,减少了灌水量与灌水次数、减少了棵间土壤水蒸发、农田耗水比一般大田灌溉节省28.3%。由于灌水量可控,比一般地面灌溉节约28%～47%。     

秸秆覆盖对沟灌夏玉米根系分布及产量影响

[目的]探究夏玉米根系分布、水分利用效率及产量对沟灌种植下不同秸秆覆盖方式的动态响应.[方法]在河套灌区开展不同耕作模式的小区试验,试验设常规垄覆膜沟灌(FM)、垄覆秸秆沟灌(FLJ)、沟覆秸秆沟灌(FGJ)、垄沟覆秸秆沟灌(FLGJ)4个处理.研究了夏玉米各土层的根长密度、作物耗水量、产量及其相关指标,[结果]沟灌种...     

西北荒漠绿洲区隔沟交替灌溉对棉花生长及产量与经济效益的影响

2006～2007连续两年在石羊河流域下游民勤县干旱荒漠绿洲区大田试验覆膜条件下隔沟交替灌溉(AFI)和常规沟灌(CFI)对棉花生长、产量及经济效益的影响.结果表明,隔沟交替灌溉方式对棉花株高的生长起到了抑制作用,且结铃率高干常规沟灌处理;在次灌水定额为当地畦灌水平的50%左右时隔沟交替灌溉与常规沟灌处理相比,能够提高棉花的产量和霜前花比例,增加经济效益.在荒漠绿洲区隔沟交替灌溉是一种有效的灌溉方式,可以实现节水优质高效的目标.