三江平原井灌水稻区地下水人工补给方法初探

针对三江平原井灌区地下水位逐渐下降、急需恢复的现状,结合国内外地下水人工补给实践,对三江平原井灌区地下水人工补给方法进行了探讨,提出了今后地下水人工补给实践的初步设想,为该区域地下水资源的可持续利用提供了参考依据.     

地下滴灌灌水器出口正压试验研究

通过试验 ,研究了灌水器类型、流量、工作压力和土壤初始含水量对地下滴灌灌水器出口正压的影响规律。结果表明 :灌水器埋入土壤后 ,其出流由于受土壤等因素的限制 ,在灌水器出口处产生了一定的正压 ,该正压随着灌水历时的延长而增大。影响地埋灌水器出口正压的主要因素是灌水器的额定流量和土壤初始含水量     

A simulation of water allocation policies in times of water shortage

The use of a simulation package to study the consequences of various water allocation policies during time of water shortage is described. The study shows that simulation can be a valuable aid to irrigation scheme managers in their decision making.     

微喷灌正方形布置时喷头组合间距的确定

本文根据微喷灌系统全湿润喷洒灌溉的试验数据和生产考核,分析了微喷灌为正方形布置时,在相应的组合间距下,达到的均匀度指标。SWP-J,SWP-2折射式微喷头正方形布置时,建议其组合间距a×b采用0.7～0.8R,DLXD1.5离心式微喷头组合间距a×b=0.8～0.9R(风速在0～3.8m/s范围),此时喷洒均匀系数不低于0.85。     

污水灌溉条件下作物对土壤重金属吸收特征比较

通过采样和化学测试，对污水灌溉条件下，小麦、水稻、蚕豆和油菜果实中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr和Cd的含量及土壤中重金属本底浓度进行测定和分析。结果表明，污水灌溉对4种作物吸收土壤重金属的能力影响不显著，而不同作物种类对这种吸收能力的影响表现出显著的差异。     

增加投入实现引黄灌溉良性发展

引黄灌溉经济效益显著,但是灌区管理单位的财务收益却入不敷出。根据经济效益分析与水费收交情况,作者认为应加强水费回收,多方面集资以及深化水费改革等,以利于灌溉事业的良性发展。     

An approach to multi-criterion evaluation of irrigation system performance

Irrigation systems aim to meet multiple objectives and performance must therefore be assessed using quantifiable measures for each. It therefore becomes an extremely difficult task to capture the valuation of all of them simultaneously and to mentally process the trade-offs between them in order to arrive at an overall impression of system performance. There is a need for a methodology which provides a systematic approach to comparing and combining the components of overall performance.Multi-Attribute Utility Theory offers an attractive approach to assessing performance of irrigation systems in the form of a utility function which reflects the strength of preferences and trade-offs between individual performance criteria. The method is described and demonstrated on the basis of a case study of irrigation in Sudan.     

地下水埋深对棉花灌溉制度的影响

针对黑龙港流域地下水位总体趋势持续下降的现象,结合沧州市南皮县棉田的原位试验,采用HYDRUS 1D模型进行数值模拟,分析不同地下水埋深条件下,地下水对棉花根系层的补给作用对灌溉制度的影响。结果表明,当全生育期地下水平均埋深为1.5、2m时,地下水对棉花根系层的补给量相当于实验棉田0.5~1.5倍的灌水定额。由此制定3种(1.5、2、3m)地下水埋深条件下不同降水水平年的棉田灌溉制度:播前灌之后,50%水平年不再灌溉;75%水平年当地下水平均埋深为3m时,灌一次花铃水;85%水平年在地下水平均埋深为2、3m时,各灌一次花铃水。地下水补给作用对棉花根系层土壤含水率存在着不可忽视的影响,特别是当地下水埋深不超过2m时制定棉田的灌溉制度应充分考虑地下水的补给作用。     

发展山园瓯柑节水喷灌机械配套节本增效技术

随着我国综合国力的稳步发展,城乡人民的生活水平也不断提高,发展瓯柑种植面积和提高产量,改善瓯柑品质,是人们物质生活的需要,也是我国新形势下农业产业结构调整的发展趋势,并带动山区农民共同致富,利国又利民。本文就温州地区发展山园瓯柑节水喷灌机械配套节本增效技术进行叙述,对于推广应用具有重要的现实意义。     

Effect of soil matric potential on tomato yield and water use under drip irrigation condition

Field experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of soil matric potential (SMP) on tomato yield, evapotranspiration (ET), water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) under drip irrigation condition in North China Plain. The experiment included five treatments, which controlled SMP at 0.2 m depth immediately under drip emitter higher than −10 (S1), −20 (S2), −30 (S3), −40 (S4) and −50 kPa (S5), respectively, after tomato plant establishment. The results showed that different SMP affected irrigation amount and tomato ET. Irrigation amount decreased from 185 mm (S1) to 83.6 mm (S5) in 2004, and from 165 mm (S1) to 109 mm (S5) in 2005, respectively. The ET decreased from 270 mm (S1) to 202 mm (S5) in both years. However, it was found that SMP did not affect the tomato yield significantly, for the range of SMP investigated. Both WUE and IWUE increased as SMP decreased. The maximum WUE (253 and 217 kg/ha mm) and IWUE (620 and 406 kg/ha mm) were for S5 in 2 years, whereas the minimum WUE (178 and 155 kg/ha mm) and IWUE 261 and 259 kg/ha mm) were for S1 in 2004 and 2005. Based on the above results, therefore, it is recommended that if the tomatoes are well irrigated (SMP is higher than −20 kPa) during establishment, controlling SMP higher than −50 kPa at 0.2 m depth immediately under drip emitter can be used as an indicator for drip irrigation scheduling during following period of tomato growth in North China Plain.