西藏“一江两河”流域中部草地沙漠化与防治

据１：３．５×１０＾４假彩色红外航空像片室内判读与野外调查，本区沙漠化草地可分为中度及轻度两种，面积１２．８２３万ｈｍ＾２，导致草地沙漠化的人为因素主要是超载过牧，樵柴，放牧制度不合理等，草地沙漠化防治可采取生物，管理及工程等措施。     

Fit of Wood's function to daily milk records and estimation of environmental and additive and non-additive genetic effects on lactation curve and lactation parameters of crossbred dual purpose cattle

The objectives of this study were to estimate the environmental and additive and non-additive genetic effects on lactation curve and lactation parameters of crosses of Holstein (H), Brahman (B) and Brown Swiss (BS) in Olancho region in Honduras. The data consisted of 54,517 milk yield records from 192 dual-purpose crossbred cows lactating from 2000 to 2005 at the Universidad Nacional de Agricultura de Honduras (UNA). The lactation curve and lactation parameters of interest were the scaling factor to represent yield at the beginning of lactation (a), the factor associated with the inclining (b) and declining (c) slopes of the lactation curves, and the milk yield at initial day of lactation (MY₂₀), peak milk yield (MY_max), day at peak milk yield (t_max), and the total milk yield (TM) per lactation, respectively. The incomplete gamma function (Wood function) was used to estimate lactation curve and lactation parameters from daily milk records of H × B, H × BS and BS × B crossbred cows. The environmental, additive and non-additive genetic effects on lactation curve and lactation parameters were estimated using Dickerson and Kinghorn models. The coefficients of determination of fitness of Wood's function (R²) ranged from 80% to 97% with an average of 93%. The lactation curve of the crossbred cows was similar to those reported for dairy cows grazing in the tropics. Lactation parameters such as MY_max, t_max and TM were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by environmental sources of variation suggesting the necessity of differential management strategies. The moderate to large positive phenotypic correlation of MY_max and TM indicate that one of the milk yield parameters could be used as a selection criterion to improve either one or both traits. Despite the fact that both genetic models showed similar patterns, the absolute value of the parameters varied. For both models, individual additive genetic breed effect for H breed were significant (P < 0.05) and contributed more to TM than the BS breed. In the Dickerson model, highly positive significant (P < 0.01) effect on TM for H×BS and BS×B crosses was found. The Kinghorn model did not show significant effects of dominance on this parameter. The estimate of recombination effect for all crosses involving B breed were negative and significant (P < 0.05) for positive correlated lactation curve parameters. Although the inclusion of non-additive effects on crossbreeding genetic effects were not all significant for lactation curve and lactation parameters, non-additive effects should be taken into account to improve the Honduran dairy cattle production management.     

西藏疯草研究进展

通过查阅现有文献资料和实地调查结果表明,西藏共有疯草类有毒植物22种,其中棘豆属植物14种,黄芪属植物8种。疯草对西藏草地畜牧业生产危害十分严重,引起大批牲畜中毒死亡,造成严重经济损失;影响畜种改良,畜群结构严重失衡;破坏草地生态平衡,致使草地退化。西藏目前针对疯草的防除措施主要有人工挖除和应用化学除草剂灭除,并且应用解毒药物和生态控制工程预防和防治牲畜疯草中毒。疯草类植物虽然有毒,但含有较高的粗蛋白和含硫氨基酸,粗纤维含量较低,可作为动物饲料或药物进行开发利用。     

贵州足球场草坪主要病虫害发生及防治

1998～ 1999年对贵州省足球场草坪病虫害进行了调查研究 ,其主要病虫害有 :锈病、禾草云斑病、褐斑病、禾生腐霉病、粘虫 ,麦二叉蚜等。并阐述了病虫害发生规律及防治技术 ,旨在为足球场草坪病虫害的防治提供参考     

跟踪式数字流量计

该文介绍了一种采用实时跟踪方案的流量测控方法。应用数字阀和单片机模糊控制手段,通过记录数字阀的控制信号计算出流量。这是一种成本低、且能满足精度要求的技术方案。     

Lock-in and Unlocking of Technological Innovation Path

技术创新路径锁定是一个历史依赖过程,路径锁定的根本原因在于各类技术之间存在巨大转移成本和潜在不同市场均衡。报酬递增效应、自增强机制以及群体博弈均会影响到市场对技术的选择,这种选择会使技术发展陷入固定轨道。研究了技术创新路径锁定机理、锁定效应以及解锁模式,从提高参与人认知能力、改善外部环境、实施利益诱导和外部冲击四个方面提出实现技术创新解锁的途径。     

30味中药提取物与环丙沙星联用对猪源链球菌体外抑菌作用研究

为筛选与环丙沙星联用对猪源链球菌具有协同抑菌作用的中药提取物,采用试管二倍稀释法测定30味中药醇提物、水提物的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）,采用棋盘稀释法测定30味中药醇提物、水提物与环丙沙星联用对猪源链球菌的部分抑菌浓度（FIC）,采用有机溶剂萃取法初步追踪与环丙沙星联用具有协同抑菌作用的中药萃取物的体外抑菌效果。结果显示,所选30味中药的水提物、醇提物对猪源链球菌均具有一定的抑菌作用,佩兰、黄连、枳壳、郁金等中药醇提物、水提物对猪源链球菌（pf—ce）抑菌活性较强,苍术水提物等对猪源链球菌的抑菌作用较弱;佩兰醇提物与环丙沙星联用对猪源链球菌的协同抑菌作用最强;佩兰醇提物的乙酸乙酯萃取物、氯仿萃取物与环丙沙星联用对猪源链球菌分别具有协同、相加抑菌作用。     

高原牛羊胃肠道线虫驱治模式研究

根据高原地区＂春乏＂期间,牛、羊因胃肠道线虫病引起死亡严重的突出情况,自列项目,在全州范围划为三大区域,以项目区为中心,在牛、羊发病率和死亡率相对高的乡（镇）、村设点,将93330头（只）牛、羊分为三个组,作为高原地区牛、羊胃肠道线虫病防治技术模块,结果3个试验组用药前胃肠道寄生虫感染率均为100%,早晨在放牧前投喂赛爱吉夏结、克虫特和丙硫苯咪唑等药物后,7 d粪检EPG,虫卵转阴率和虫卵减少数均为100%。间隔7 d重复驱虫1次,防治效果显著。有计划的用驱虫药丙硫咪唑,克虫特、伊维菌素。在每年春季2~3月,秋季8~9月份进行两次驱虫。可提高牛、羊有机体的免疫力,降低牛、羊胃肠道线虫病的发病率和死亡率,减轻对养殖业的危害。     

几种常见桑树病害的识别与防治

桑树是蚕桑产业的重要物质基础。为确保桑树健康成长,促进产业发展,桑树病害的有效识别与及时防控尤为重要。真核微生物、原核微生物及非细胞类病毒中均存在能引发桑树传染性病害的病原微生物。其中由真核微生物引起的桑里白粉病与桑椹菌核病,原核微生物引起的桑青枯病与桑疫病是爆发频繁、危害极大的桑树病害。本文就这四种桑树病害的病原、侵染循环、病害识别及防治方法等进行系统梳理,并简要介绍几种非细胞类微生物引起的桑树病害,以期为生产上防治相关病害提供参考。     

杠板归化学成分分析及抗菌效果研究

采用试管预试法和圆形滤纸层析法,分析了杠板归的化学成分.结果表明,杠板归含有酚类、有机酸、生物碱、氨基酸、鞣质、黄酮、蒽醌、甙类、糖类、植物甾醇及三萜类等化学成分.用纸片法和试管法对杠板归水提取液进行了体外抗茵作用试验.结果表明,杠板归水提取液对金黄色葡萄球菌、巴氏杆菌、链球菌、沙门菌、大肠埃希茵等兽医临床常见病原微生物都有较强的抗菌作用,抑茵圈直径分别为21.86 mm±0.83mm、13.28 mm±0.46 mm、18.46 mm±0.73 mm、15.67 mm±0.31 mm和17.69 mm±0.56 mm;杠板归水提取液对金黄色葡萄球菌、巴氏杆菌、链球菌、沙门菌、大肠埃希茵的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为0.031、0.25、0.063、0.125、0.063 g/mL.最低杀菌浓度(MBC)分别为0.031、0.5、0.063、0.25、0.125 g/mL.