Growth,Root Characteristics,and Leaf Nutrients Accumulation of Four Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Cultivars Differing in Their Broomrape Tolerance and the Soil Properties in Relation to Salinity

The effects of salinity on four faba bean (Vicia faba L) cultivars [Giza 429, Giza 843, Misr 1 (Orobanche-tolerant), and Giza 3 (Orobanche-susceptible)] and soil properties were investigated in a pot experiment with addition of 0, 50, and 100 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) for 9 weeks. Salinity significantly decreased calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), potassium (K⁺), bicarbonate (HCO₃ ^?), and sulfate (SO₄ ^2?) while significantly increasing sodium (Na⁺), chloride (Cl^?), pH, and electrical conductivity (EC; dS m^?1). Root length density (cm cm^?3), root mass density (mg cm^?3), total dry weight, and salt-tolerance indexes were significantly reduced as a result of application of salinity. The results presented support evidence on the positive relationship between Orobance tolerance and salt tolerance in the three cultivars (Giza 429, Giza 843, and Misr 1). This adaptation was mainly due to a high degree of accumulation of inorganic nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ and lesser quantities of Na⁺ and Cl^?, as well as greater K⁺/Na⁺ and Ca²⁺/Na⁺ ratios.     

灰葡萄孢霉角质酶粗提液酶学特性研究

为探究灰葡萄孢霉角质酶的酶学性质以及角质酶对植物角质层的降解作用,以灰葡萄孢霉为材料,采用角质诱导的方法得到角质酶发酵液,上清液经过分离得到角质酶粗提液,采用分光光度法探究温度、pH值、金属离子及有机溶剂对角质酶活力的影响,并通过扫描电镜探究角质酶粗提液对葡萄角质层的作用。结果表明,灰葡萄孢霉角质酶的最适反应温度为35℃,最适反应pH值为7.5,此条件下能够保持较高的热稳定性;Na⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺对酶活有促进作用,而Zn²⁺、Cu²⁺、Fe³⁺对酶活有抑制作用;甲醇、丙酮、异丙醇对酶活具有促进作用,乙醇、乙腈和三氯甲烷对酶活具有抑制作用;角质酶粗酶液对葡萄角质层具有明显的降解作用。本研究结果为果蔬采后病害的控制提供了理论依据。     

Influence of spring preparation date and soil water content on seedbed physical conditions of a clayey soil in Sweden

Secondary tillage performed under inadequate soil water contents usually leads to a poor seedbed. Under normal Swedish weather conditions, clayey soils ploughed during autumn form a very dry top layer in spring, which acts as an evaporation barrier so that deeper layers remain wet. Thus, the conventional approach considering soil workability in relation to a single value of soil water content is difficult to apply. Hence, a field experiment was carried out to study the effect of seedbed preparation date, the associated soil water contents and traffic consequences on the physical properties of a spring seedbed. The field was autumn ploughed and the experiment started as soon as the field was trafficable after winter thawing. The seedbed preparation consisted of three harrowing operations on plots 8 m×8 m (three replications) with a spring tined harrow and a tractor mounted with dual tyres and was performed on 10 occasions from the beginning of April to the middle of May. With the exception of some short periods after rain, the soil had a clear water stratification during the experiment, with a very dry superficial layer (5–20 mm thick) contrasting to water contents over 300 g kg⁻¹ from only 40 mm depth. After the harrowing operation, the seedbed aggregate fraction less than 2 mm increased from about 40% at the beginning of April to about 60% for the last four treatments in May. Contributing factors to the rise were attributed to the lower water contents of the top layer (<40 mm) and the drying–wetting and freezing–thawing cycles that occurred in the surface layer during April. There were no significant differences in bulk density after harrowing between the treatments but an increase in penetration resistance up to a depth of 180 mm in the harrowed plots was statistically significant (P<0.001). In the non-harrowed soil, penetration resistance also increased, including in those soil layers where water contents kept nearly constant.

In conclusion, the seedbed preparation dates had only a minor effect on soil compaction, as measured by bulk density and penetration resistance, due to the slow drying beneath the dry top layer. The fraction of fine aggregates in the seedbed increased with time. Thus, the optimal time for seedbed preparation depended mainly on soil friability and not on the risk of compaction.     

Soil quality assessment in semiarid rangeland in Iran

Abstract. We examined the use of soil quality (SQ) assessment to predict soil productivity and stability as a component of site potential for rangelands. Two minimum sets of data were compared for the SQ assessment within an area of relatively uniform climate. Data set 1 consisted of total soil N, topsoil depth, effective profile depth (EPD), and grade of structure, thus incorporating only soil chemical and physical properties. Data set 2 included exchangeable soil potassium, EPD, soil water retention capacity at wilting point, a soil slake test, and a nutrient cycling index. The interrelationships between soil properties and plant growth characteristics (i.e. total and herbage yield) were investigated and interpreted by statistical analysis and expert knowledge. By performing multiple regressions for each data set against the plant growth characteristics, we identified the contribution of each data set variable to the variability in plant characteristics and, thus, the predictive potential of each variable and data set. Within data set 1, EPD was important and in data set 2 the nutrient cycling index, which is a landscape function index derived from soil surface attributes, played the most important role in predicting potential. Principal component analysis was used to provide weighting factors for each indicator. We then transformed and combined observed indicator values for each data set using weighting factors and scoring functions into an additive soil quality index (SQI) varying in value from 0 to 1. The SQIs, with values greater than 0.8, provide optimum conditions for high yield.     

不同性质铁铝土对砷酸根吸附特性的比较研究

采用批平衡法研究了8种不同性质铁铝土对砷酸根的吸附特性,分别运用Langmuir单表面方程和Langmuir双表面方程对等温吸附数据进行拟合,以较优拟合方程求出土壤对砷的最大吸附量,并采用简单线性相关分析法探讨土壤性质对砷吸附能力的影响。结果显示,铁铝土对砷吸附强烈,吸附等温线均为非线性。双表面方程对吸附等温线的拟合效果优于单表面方程。采用双表面方程预测的吸附量和实测值的决定系数(0.935～0.978)大于采用单表面方程预测获得的决定系数(0.989～0.998)。土壤的砷吸附能力可采用高能表面和低能表面两种吸附位点进行解释。采集于云南昆明的砂页岩母质发育的红壤具有最强的砷吸附能力,根据Langmuir双表面方程计算的最大吸附量为3 498 mg kg-1。土壤的砷吸附能力受到土壤中游离氧化铁、全铝、全铁、黏粒和全磷含量的显著影响,最大吸附量与这几种土壤组成与性质因子呈显著正相关关系。     

The microbial habitat in soil: Scale,heterogeneity and functional consequences

The microbial habitat is rarely studied in soil microbial ecology even though microbial cells are exposed and adapt to their local environmental conditions. The physical environment also constrains interactions among organisms. The nature of microbial communities and their functioning can only be fully understood if their habitat is accounted for. Here, I describe the soil microbial habitat and show how our understanding of microbial functioning has been shaped by this line of investigation.     

Bodenphysikalische Bewertung der Kompostwirkung durch Laboruntersuchungen

<?show $38#Bo;>Soil physical evaluation of the efficiency of addition of composts to soils by laboratory experiments Additionally to long‐term field experiments a laboratory method was tested for evaluation the physical efficiency of addition of composts to soil. The parameters maximal water holding capacity (MWK), bulk density (TRD), and total pore volume (PV) were determined under reproducible conditions for compost‐soil‐mixtures in comparison to equivalent mixtures of soil with standard‐peat‐litter. The ratio of the coefficients of regression for compost‐soil‐mixtures to those for standard‐peat‐litter‐soil‐mixtures is the so‐called equivalent of standard‐peat‐litter (TMÄ). The efficiency of changes of soil physical properties due to the addition of compost to soil is characterized by TMÄ.<?show $6#>     

微波技术对大豆蛋白功能特性的影响

研究了微波辐照对大豆功能蛋白（FSP）溶解性、乳化性与起泡性的影响。结果表明，微波辐照能改善FSP溶解度、乳化活性、起泡能力与泡沫稳定性。试验中FSP溶解度可提高343．7％，乳化活性可提高2392．7％，起泡能力可提高196．9％，泡沫稳定性可提高82．76％。     

The umbric epipedon in the N Apennines,Italy—an example from the Vallombrosa Forest

The umbric epipedon is a diagnostic surface horizon recognized by both the World Reference Base for Soil Resources and the U.S. Soil Taxonomy. It is mainly characterized by a dark color, a moderate to high content of OM, and a base saturation of less than 50%. In the N Apennines, Central Italy, forest soils over 600–700 m a.s.l. often have this epipedon. This paper stresses the morphological, chemical, and biological properties of the epipedon, specifically in the Vallombrosa Forest, where considerable work has been done in the last decade. Here, the umbric epipedon forms on sandstone, in high forests of Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica, and Castanea sativa. It does not have homogeneous properties throughout its thickness and often is divided into two distinct genetic horizons, A1 and A2. The A1 horizon is thinner, darker, and richer in OM, more base‐saturated, and biologically more active than the underlying A2 horizon. The mean residence time of the bulk OM amounts to about a century in the A1 horizon, versus half a millennium in the A2. In both A1 and A2 horizons, the non‐humic fraction prevails in the OM; this could account for the high susceptibility of the umbric epipedon to degrade when the forest is clear‐cut or undergoes extensive uprooting due to windstorms or heavy snow loads. Significant discrepancies between the two A horizons have been found in regard to the microbial community. Umbric epipedons which developed under different tree species show minor differences, mainly concerning the microbial community.     

采后硅酸钠处理对贮藏期兰州“大接杏”果实品质和挥发性风味物质的影响

本文以兰州“大接杏”（Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. cv. Lanzhou Dajie）为试材,使用硅酸钠（10 mM）化学诱抗处理,以探讨其对杏果实品质,特别是挥发性风味物质的影响。结果表明,硅酸钠处理可延缓果实硬度、可滴定酸、可溶性固形物（SSC）和Vc含量的下降,但对果实总糖含量的影响不显著。采用固相微萃取（SPME）结合气相色谱质谱联用（GC-MS）的方法分离鉴定了“大接杏”果实的香气成份,共分离鉴定出超过100多种挥发性成份。硅酸钠处理样挥发性物质的释放总量低于对照,同时处理后的杏果还表现出醛类物质、萜类物质和β-紫罗兰酮的释放增大和脂类物质的释放减少的现象。